§ 




/?/ 




CHAS. R. HEAD. 
JAMESlS. BELL. 



T. T. WILSON. 

D. M. STEWARD. Chairman. 

JAS. O. MARTIN. 



J. C. HOWELL. 

W. J. BASS. Vice-Chairman. 



Executive Board of the Chattanooga and Hamilton County Centennial Commission. 



[COPYRIGHTED AND ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 



CHATTANOOGA 



AND 



HAMILTON COUNTY, TENN. 




BY 
GEO. W. OCHS, 

Mayor of Chattanooga. 



2f*.J-- 



7 



Published under the direction and by the authority of the Tennessee Centennial Exposition Committee of Chattanooga and Hamilton County. 



TIMES PRINTING CO., PRINTERS 




PREFACE. 

'HIS work is designed to present the main data and statistics regarding the City of Chattanooga and 
Hamilton County, Tennessee, and to sustain the claim that we have here natural and geographical 
advantages for great development. Its preparation has heen a labor of love. If it causes anyone 
to become interested in promoting our growth, or if it stimulates our own citizens, I am more than 
repaid for my task. 

The following are the members of the Executive Committee of the Exposition Commission, 
under whose direction this book was published : D. M. Steward, Jas. S. Bell, C. R. Head, W. J. Bass, 
.las. C. Howell, T. T. Wilson, J. O. Martin, Taylor Williams. 

My thanks are due to the following gentlemen for important data and valuable assistance: 
Thos. P. Wells, A. J. Gahagan, H. F. Temple, Garnett Andrews, Jr., W. A. Campbell, Robert Hooke, B. 
L. Goulding, Secretary Chamber of Commerce, W. B. Royster, Secretary Young Men's Business League, 
Francis Linde, for assistance in chapter on Lookout Mountain, Gen. H. V. Boynton, President Chick- 
amauga- Chattanooga Park Commission, for assistance in article on national park, J. E. MacGowan, 
Judge O. H. Orton, Frederick Giddings, F. J. Bennett, J. S. Bell, A. S. Corbly, A. N. Sloan, J. P. Smartt. 
T. V. Meyer, J. T. Thomasson, J. B. Hawkins, W. F. Kalb, Jno. Bachtel, Dorr Benn, Rev. J. W. Bachman, 
Rev. S. T. Westhafer, Rev. H. A. Ottke, Dr. G. W. Drake, C. D. Mitchell, L. M. Pindell, II. S. Signal Ob- 
server, Prof. A. T. Barrett, Superintendent of Public Schools, Prof. Hixson, Superintendent of County 
Schools, Dr. E. A. Cobleigh, Judge S. M. Walker, C. V. Brown, County Engineer Betts. 

u. \v. o. 

<'HATTAtte*o$V MwY.^SS?* ; .;;.-! 

. ..: ..'.'■ [Copyright. 1S9T ] 



OS- 



CITY AND COUNTY. 



CHATTANOOGA and Hamilton county seem to have been 
especially blessed with every resource and advantage 
which can contribute lo industrial and commercial de- 
velopment. Many cities and counties possess some of the advant- 
ages that are found here, perhaps to an equal degree, but no 
other city or county in America possesses greater advantages. 
Chattanooga has every essential to future greatness, viz : healthful 
location, fertile soil, prosperous surroundings, abundant mineral 
and timber wealth, beautiful scenic attractions, rich historic 
ass iciations, unsurpassed transportation facilities, a salubrious 
climate and a progressive and enlightened citizenship; the countv 
has the most magnificent system of roads in the Southern states; 
its river bottoms are extensive and productive ; the uplands yield 
fruits, berries and vegetables in great abundance; the mountains 
bear inexhaustible stores of minerals; the timbers of the county 
are of great variety. Undulating valleys, picturesque mountains, 
broad expanse of rolling plains a Hording every variety of scenery, 
produce almost all the crops known in the temperate zone and 
pour into the lap of industrious husbandry a wealth of richness 
rarely to be found in any one locality in this country. 

Chattanooga is almost at the junction of the three great states, 
Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama, and by a caprice of nature, is 
the only situs for a city within a radius of many miles. In primi- 
tive days the untutored Indian saw here the advantages for a city 
and in the latter years of the eighteenth century it was the great 
camping ground of the most populous Indian tribes in the central 
south. During the civil war the captains of both armies dis- 
covered immediately the strategic importance of Chattanooga, 
and the city was the scene of the bloodiest battles of that san- 
guinary struggle to possess this key to the South, the final occu- 
pation of which by the Union army was the turning point of the war. 



What the savage mind intuitively saw, what the military 
mind with scientific foresight discovered, the commercial mind 
has since appreciated, and nature's designs are now being carried 
forward with marvelous rapidity. 

No city in the whole southern country has transportation fa- 
cilities equal to Chattanooga. The Tennessee river, which almost 
entirely surrounds the city, is now open for navigation and vessels 
of six feet draught ply from Chattanooga to Ohio and Mississippi 
ports. Eleven separate and distinct lines of railway terminate 
here, diverging like the spokes of a wheel, to all points of the 
compass, representing five rival railway systems, close competitors, 
and wholly independent. The sharp competition between water 
and rail has materially reduced freight rates, and they become 
lower as the river traffic develops. The time is close at hand 
when Chattanooga will be made the basic point for freight traffic 
in the central south, and will then enjoy the distinct advantage 
which its physical location should command. 

Chattanooga's climatic advantages are so remarkable as to 
seem almost unreal. The city averages over 700 feet above sea 
level, and is completely surrounded by mountains and ridges, 
cleft at every point of the compass by fertile valleys. The swift 
fiowing Tennessee affords natural drainage and through the val- 
leys mountain breezes always sweep, laden with the aroma of ver- 
dant forests, perfuming the atmosphere and eliminating miasma. 
The city is thoroughly sewered, and has over sixteen miles of 
permanent street paving. The death rate of the city averages for 
all colors, twelve fifty-two per cent, per thousand per annum, 
the white death rate going as low as nine per cent.; the average ol 
American cilies is nearly twenty per cent. The climate is similar 
to the golden mean of Italy, the annual average temperature of 
the past eighteen years, according to the report of the United 




MOCCASIN BEND AND CHATTANOOGA, VIEWED FROM LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 
The Tennessee river in winding about the foot of the mountain outlines an almost perfect reproduction of an Indian moccasin. The city of Chattanooga lies to the right 

The photograph is taken nearly 2,000 feet above the river. 



City and. 
States Weather Bureau, being 60°; the mean temperature in the 
summer months is in the neighborhood of 72°, and in the winter 
months 43°. The county and city are natural health resorts by 
reason of the high elevation, the mineral springs of highly medic- 
inal qualities which abound, the pure air and equable climate. 

( 'hattanooga is the natural commercial entrepot of a district 
200 miles square, in which 2,500,000 people reside. The river 
bottoms yield rich harvests of cereals and grasses, the mountains 
and ridges grow small fruits in abundance ; over 1,000,000 pounds 
of berries, small fruits and early vegetables are annually shipped 
from Chattanooga to Northern markets, and Hamilton county is 
becoming one of the most important producers of early straw- 
berries, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, grapes and small fruits iu the 
Southern states. Within 75 miles of Chattanooga nearly 100,000 
bales of cotton are annually raised ; the culture of tobacco and 
of hops is becoming an important industry, and peanuts and 
other leguminous plants are being extensively cultivated in the 
county. 

The area tributary to Chattanooga, is perhaps, the richest 
mineral region in America, as respects both quantity and diver- 
sity of resources. Coal and iron, limitless in quantity and of a 
uniformly high grade, are found in every hill and mountain ; 
gold, silver, copper, zinc, lead, mica, asbestos and gem stones 
air profitably mined within 75 miles of Chattanooga; white, 
black and mottled marble, and good building stone are success- 
fully quarried. Cement, slate, calcerous lime, kaolin, sand and 
potter's clay are also found in inexhaustible quantities,. and are 
being successfully operated. Poplar, pine, gum, cherry, cedar, ash, 
oak, hickory and other hard woods, are easily accessible from 
('hattanooga, in large quantities. 

Such marvelous deposits of all materials, boundless in ex- 
tent and rich in quality, probably are found in no oilier region 



County. 

upon the globe, and all these natural advantages are the legiti- 
mate resources of Chattanooga. 

The following figures of the United States' Census show the 
industrial growth of the city between 1880 and 1890 : 

1880. 1890. 

Number of Industries 58 283 

Capital $2,045,000 $6,673,515 

Hands Employed 2,123 5.13'.i 

Annual Wages $ 568,508 $2,419,446 

Value of Product 3,230,000 9,449,387 

The following are the statistics for 1897, as compiled for this 
publication by personal canvass; the number of industries in- 
cludes only manufactories that actually produce materials for sale, 
and excludes laundries, blacksmiths, bakers, shoemakers, repair 
shops, etc., which were included in the census figures. The statis- 
tics of actual manufacturing plants, omitting all such as are 
enumerated above, are as follows : 

Number of factories 161 

Capital $ 7,546,300 

Annual value of product 11,802,600 

Number of hands employed 6,1S2 

Wages and salaries $ 2,397,100 

The Census Statistics show there was a uniform growth of 
about 400 per cent, in the decade 1880-1890, and the next census 
will show a growth equally as remarkable ; during the same 
decade the population of the city and suburbs increased from 
14,000 to 35,000, and is at present about 50,000. The assessed 
valuation of the city and county have correspondingly increased, 
likewise the banking capital, and in fact, in every element of 
growth there has been a uniform expansion both in the city and 
in the county. 

The scenery about Chattanooga is romantic and historic. 
Lookout Mountain, Walden's Ridge, Missionary Ridge and Rac- 
coon Mountain, oompletelj! encircle the city and afford a panorama 



City and 
of such transcendent beauty and grandeur, that the name of this 
city has become famous as a point of sce.iic interest throughout 

the world. . . 

The city is hallowed by sacred memories. Unckaniauga, 
Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain are indissolubly linked 
with the most tragic history of our country, and with each suc- 
ceeding year the interest deepens in these battlefields where was 
exhibited the highest type of military heroism by American 
soldiers. The United States Government and all the states whose 
sons were represented upon those sanguinary battlefields, are now 
converting them into a National Military Park, which in extent 
and elaboration is the greatest military park upon the earth. 

The population of Chattanooga and Hamilton county is 
cosmopolitan, containing a larger proportion of Northern people 
than any other section of the South, with but a small per cent, 
of foreign population. The city and county are typical American 
communities, imbued with all the characteristics which typify the 



County. 

average American settlements. All charitable, reformatory and 
benevolent enterprises are supported with a liberality and carried 
forward with a fervor more to be expected in an old community 
than in a new, rapidly growing town. Beautiful church edifices, 
numerous colleges and private seminaries, excellent public school 
system, handsome club buildings, an elaborate city auditorium, 
public libraries, many art, literary and musical societies, demon- 
strate the enlightened character of the community, while the 
many costly private residences, the splendid architecture of im- 
posing business blocks and public buildings, show the artistic- 
taste that prevails. 

Nature has bestowed resources and potential factors of growth 
upon Chattanooga which are irresistible. The combination of 
advantages existing here, stimulates every endeavor and gives 
promise of a great future for this city and county. 

Elsewhere in these chapters the various subjects are treated 
more at length, presenting the facts, statistics and reliable data 
relating to this city and county. 





Lee & Gordon's Mill, National Military Park. 



Reed"s Bridge. National Military Paik. 



THE MINERALS OF THIS SECTION. 



THE coal, iron ore and limestones of the Southern mineral 
region lie close together, intermixed and co-terminous, in 
an" area of approximately twenty-four thousand square 
miles ; ten thousand five hundred square miles of this area is in 
commercial reach of Chattanooga, 

Her furnaces have profitably used coke from the Pocahontas 
mines and ovens in Southwest Virginia. The ores in this neigh- 
borhood have been used for mixing by the furnacemen in the 
Birmingham district of Alabama, In the region penetrated by 
Chattanooga railroads and the Tennessee river, there is a supp y 
of coal greater than Great Britain had before her measures were 
touched by a miner's pick, and more iron ore, limestone and mar- 
ble than was ever in the United Kingdom, and three times as 
much as the German supply. There are now mined in this area 
that may be made tributary to the city of Chattanooga, annually 
about two mi'lion long tons of coal, and six hundred thousand to 
one million tons of iron ore. In one-third this area Germany 
mines sixty-five million tons annually; Pennsylvania with an 
area not one-fourth larger, produced one hundred million tons of 
bituminous and anthracite last year. These figures will convey 
an idea of the possibilities of this district in the production of 

coal. 

The coal, as respects quality is of every grade of bituminous, 
chiefly of good quality, most of it excellent. High quality gas 
coals are in great abundance. In Scott, Roane and other coun- 
ties, one hundred miles or so north of Chattanooga, and conven- 
ient to the Cincinnati Southern Railway, there is an abundam e 
of coking coal and a very fine quality of coke is being made at 
the different mines in Hamilton county ; there is some cannel coal 
in upper East Tennessee. 

In the Chattanooga district there are ten coke blast furnaces, 



which produce annually nearly three hundred thousand tons of 
pig iron. The annual amount of coal mined in Hamilton county 
is about three hundred thousand tons; in Marion county, two 
hundred and twenty-five thousand tons; in Rhea county, two 
hundred and twenty-five thousand tons; the total in the state- 
three million tons. 

The Chattanooga district produces about two hundred thous- 
and tons of coke per annum. The coals in Walden's Ridge, which 
is the main spur of the Cumberland mountains, underlie that ele- 
vation an average of ten miles wide and one hundred and twenty 
miles long. These coals vary in kind and quality from the free 
burning and lighter varieties found in the Coal Creek region, to 
the heavy and hard coals found in the Sale Creek, Soddy, and 
North Chickamauga. There is enough fuel in that one moun- 
tain, to supply a niidion people with fuel, for all possible uses, 
for several thousand years, and the poorest of it is better than the 
best German coal. Great beds of this coal are within four miles 
of Chattanooga. 

The fixed carbon in coals in this immediate locality vanes 
from 84 to 94 per cent, and sulphur from 1 per cent, to as low as 
1-10 of 1 per cent. 

The iron ore of this region covers a great stretch of territory 
and is of two varieties, red and brown hematite. The brown ores 
lie in immense beds in the western part of McMinn and Monroe 
counties ; some of them are of high quality, but mostly high in 
phosphorus and metallic iron. There are also large beds of this 
ore in upper East Tennessee, and great quantities about Carters- 
ville, Georgia. The Georgia ore has served to make excellent 
open hearth or bessemer steel. 

The red ores are everywhere in the Tennessee Valley ; in the 
foot ridges of the Cumberland range, in Lookout and Chatta- 




It stands nn the highest po 



THE INN ON LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN, 
nt of the mountain and commands an unsurpassed view. The building is jn 5 feet in length. 

distance about 400 feet. 



The avenue extends to the brow of the mount iin. 



The Minerals 
nooga Valleys, south of the <-ity in Georgia, across the Tennessee, 
within two miles of the chy, and several hundred tons were dug 
out some years ago in the city limits. Down the Chattanooga 
Southern Railway, in Walker and Catoosa counties, Georgia, are 
millions of tons of high quality red ore that are being very cheaply 
mined. At Inman, Marion county, near the furnace plant at 
South Pittsburg, Tepnessee, are laTge ore operations, whence many 
hundred thousand tons have been taken. These red ores are at 
manv points along the river or railroads, can he put on cars or 
in barges at a cost ranging from 25 to 30 cents a ton. The ore 
supply of the district has barely been scratched here and there, 
not developed by any means. 

A fine grade of manganese ore is abundant in this locality 
and it is very extensively mined within seventy miles of the city. 

The limestones and marbles of this district are among the 
most valuable of its resources. There are millions of yards of 
pure dolamite, other millions <>f beautiful blue limestones, that 
make very handsome trimmings and walls, and wear like iron 
when crushed and used for road finish. Limescones are found in 
unlimited quantity up the Tennessee river, which are pronounced 
by the highest authorities to be the best quality of stones for bridge 
abutments and other structures requiring high crushing and re- 
sisting strength. 

The marbles extend from Pickens county, Georgia, sixty 
miles below the city, to the upper counties of East Tennessee. 
They are of every quality of the variegated grades, grey, red, 
umber, brown, black and white. Some very beautiful monu- 
mental stones have been developed. The capacity of the East 
Tennessee quarries alone is in excess of twenty-five thousand cubic 
yards per month. Great quantities of the variegated marble ate 
shipped to all parts of the world for furniture and other interior 
uses, from all parts of East Tennessee and other points tributary 



of This Section. 

to Chattanooga. This interest has only been slightly developed- 

The occurrence ol mica is quite frequent in this section ; a 
total of seven hundred and fifty-six thousand pounds was pro- 
duced in North Carolina in 1890, most of which was produced 
within one hundred miles of Chattanooga. 

Slate of a very high quality has been developed on Little 
Tennessee river in Blount county, East Tennessee, and other 
points in this region. The bed is one of the largest and best in 
the world; the slale can he barged to Chattanooga at a nominal 
cost of freight. 

There are eight copper mines in Polk county, within sixty- 
miles of Chattanooga, all of which are now producing ore, with 
several smelters in operation. These ores are copper pyrite and 
carry about 5 per cent, of copper. 

At different points in East Tennessee zinc and lead operations 
are being carried on. At Clinton, in East Tennessee, there is ;1 
smeller with a capacity of one hundred and six pounds metallic 
zinc per day. Two thousand pounds of lead are daily produced 
in Bradley county, within forty miles of the city. 

(lil has long been known to exist in commercial quantities in 
Fentress, Morgan. < (verton, and other counties, within one hundred 
to one hundred and fifty miles of Chattanooga. It is now being 
developed rapidly, and the district promises to become highly 
profitable, the oil being in large supplies and of high quality. 

The clay and kaolin deposits in this immediate section are of 
very great importance. Besides the coarser sorts there are fine 
stoneware clays which bum to a hard body of a good color, and 
there is a deposit of good I all clay ; fire clays of high quality are 
very abundant. 

There are in the city of Chattanooga two very large sewn 
pipe works, which use the clay of this immediate section very ex- 
tensively and produce probably a larger amount of sewer-pipe 



The Minerals of This Section. 



than any other city small of t he Ohio river; the product is 
shipped to all parts of country. Stoneware clays are also being 
utilized in this county and several potteries are in successful oper- 
ation, turning out a very large product. 

Silica saud is very abundant, and some years ago large glass 
works were in operation here. The sands of this section possess a 
very high grade of silica and the glass industry could be very 
successfully prosecuted. 

The production of mineral paint is a large industry at Chat- 



nooga. Ochre is mined extensively near Cartersville, Georgia, 
and a line cpjality of red and brown oxide exists in practically 
unlimited quantities in this region and makes a very superior 
paint. 

The extensive deposits of asbestos, fibroustalc and soapstone 
which are found in our neighboring 'state of NortlvC'arolina, 
within seventy-five miles of Chattanooga, are. utilized in a large 
local industry making gas tips and the other various articles into 
which those minerals are manufactured. 






Water Wheel, Crawfish Springs. 



Observation Tower. National Military Park, 
lit 



Lulah Falls, Lookout Mountain 



THE MANUFACTURING INTERESTS OF CHATTANOOGA. 



THE manufacturing interests of Chattanooga have always 
constituted the main element of strength of the city, and 
its future development will undoubtedly lie in this direc- 
tion. In successive chapters an effort is made to partially present 
the facts to show the remarkable diversity of raw material in the 
area of which Chattanooga is the center. The climatic advant- 
ages, the transportation facilities and the accessibility of these re- 
sources give Chattanooga distinct and unmistakable advantages 
for successful manufacturing. 

Chattanooga for years has been known as " The Pittsburg of 
the South," and during the past ten wars she has fully sustained 
this title. There is a greater diversity of manufacturing in Chat- 
tanooga, covering more varied branches, with a broader field of 
operations and wider territory, than at any other city south of the 
Ohio river. Chattanooga exports by far the largest variety of 
manufactured articles that are sent from any Southern city. The 
industrial growth of the city has been uniformly maintained by 
the diversification of its industrial interests. There are but few 
localities in the world where wood products, iron products and 
clay products can be manufactured with equal facility ; but yet at 
Chattanooga the raw material for all these different branches exists 
in such abundance and such richness that operations in any one of 
these lines, conducted with prudence, industry and skill, invaria- 
bly prove successful. 

The fuel supplies of the city are inexhaustible; good steam 
coal can be had at the factory at 85 cents to 95 cents per ton; 
lumber is floated to the city in the log by millions of feet each year; 
iron ore and limestone abound all about the city; excellent kaolin 
and clays are within easy reach ; in fact all the supplies and 
material for cheap manufacturing are assembled here in greatest 
quantity at minimum cost. 



A very thorough canvass of the manufacturing interests of 
Chattanooga was made prior to the publication of this book. The 
effort was to procure the name of every manufacturing enterprise 
of the city, together with statistics giving its product, wages and 
salaries, capital investment and other details. Any investigation 
of a private nature is necessarily more or less hampered through 
the disinclination of manufacturers to divulge the facts re- 
lating to their business, but it is thought that the tables accom- 
panying this statement are the most accurate and comprehensive 
that have ever been compiled. The totals are less in some features 
than the results obtained by the United States census enumerators, 
but this is due to the fact that the methods pursued and the objects 
sought were somewhat different. The United States census 
enumerators include in their reports, under the head of " Indus- 
tries," all operations where persons were employed for wages, dis- 
regarding the fact as to whether or not they produced anything 
for sale, such as shoemakers, blacksmiths, bakers, laundries, etc. 
The table that is herewith subjoined comprises only a list of enter- 
prises that produce material for sale; in fact it is limited to the 
legitimate and active manufacturing plants. The table also con- 
tains only such factories as are located within the corporate limits 
of Chattanooga or immediately adjacent thereto. There are a 
number of large industrial enterprises whose headquarters are at 
Chattanooga, but whose factories are located at some distance from 
the city, which are not embraced in the statistics of Chattanooga's 
manufactories. They do most of their business In this city, buy 
their supplies here, but their workmen could not be regarded as 
residents oft 'hattanooga or Hamilton county, hence they arc not in- 
cluded. Among these institutions are the following : The Ten- 
nessee Paving Brick Company, capacity fifteen million paving 
brick annually, employing two hundred and fifty hands, with gen 



II 



The Manufacturing 

eral office and managers located at Chattanooga; the Roane Iron 
Works, operating coal mines and two large blast furnaces at Rock- 
wood, Tennessee, employing in the neighborhood of rive hundred 
hands, with headquarters and general offices at Chattanooga ; the 
Walker Iron Company, operating a blast furnace and extensive 
minis, employing one hundred and seventy-five hands, with offices 
and manager located at Chattanooga; the Rome Iron Company, 
operating a blast furnace and mines, employing one hundred and 
fifty hands, general offices and general manager located at Chatta- 
nooga ; the Oxley Stave Company, operating large stave and barrel 
works, at different points throughout the South, with general 
offices and headquarters at Chattanooga, and others. 

Excluding these large enterprises, the tables show that the 
total capital employed in manufacturing within the city of Chat- 
tanooga and its immediate suburbs aggregate $7,546,300; the total 
annual value of the product is $11,802,600; the total number of 
hands employed, 6,182 ; amount paid in wages and salaries per 
annum. |2,397,100. 

Analyzing the tabic further, shows the following interesting 
facts : 1,225 hands and $1)00,000 capital are engaged in the lumber 
and cognate industries; $600,000 of capital, employing 350 bands, 
are engaged in the leather manufacture; $200,000 of capital and 
In i hands are engaged in coal mining and coke making; $750,000 
capital, employing Toll bands, arc engaged in working ores, clays, 
building stone, etc: in iron and kindred industries there are 900 
bands employed and $1,700,000 of capital. 

The development of the manufacturing interests has been 
steady, but the greatest growth has been in the past ten years. 

The table shows that only seven of our industries were established 
in the years between 1865 and 1870. and proves that the real 
STOWth did not commence until 1885. The following table shows 



Interests of Chattanooga. 

the date of the establishment of the various industries now com- 
prising the manufacturing interests of Chattanooga: 
7 in the years 1865 to 1870; 

11 in the years 1871 to 1875; 

14 in the years 1876 to 1880; 

2:: in the years 1881 to 1885; 

44 in the years 1886 to 1890; 

44 in the years 1891 to 1895; 

13 in 1896 and 5 in the first four months of 1897. 
If the rate of growth in new industries since the first of Jan- 
uary, 18.16, is maintained during the next five years it will show 
an inciease in the manufacturing establishments for these five 
years of 67. There are now in successful operation in Chattanooga 
62 manufacturing plants that were organized and established be- 
tween the years 1891 and 1897, a period which is regarded as the 
most depressing in industrial development that the United States 
lias ever experienced. Hence it is lair to conclude that if the 
rate of Chattanooga's industrial growth was greater during this de- 
pressing period than at any previous corresponding period in the 
history of the South, with the return to normal cot ditions, i 
phenomenal rate of industrial growth will occur. 

Most o| the plants that are now in operation at Chattanooga 
have been enlarged during the period of depression. When 
business again becomes active, as will inevitablybe the case sooner 
or later, and the manufacturing interests that are located in Chat- 
tanooga at the present time relatively expand, the number of wage 
earners they will employ will double, for it is a fact that large as 
is the present output of the factories at Chattanooga, it falls 
far short of their full capacity. 

Of the industries at Chattanooga, only thirty are wholly 
local in their territory. The majority send their products to 
all parts of the country, and some have a large export trade. 
12 



The Manufacturing Interests of Chattanooga. 



Chattanooga refrigerators have found their way to Cape Town, 
Honolulu, and the West Indie-. Mexico buys Chattanooga tele- 
graph equipment, hay presses, pig iron, pulleys, plows and the 
finer grade of grates and furniture. Cane mills ami sugarevapor- 
ators of Chattanooga make go to Mexico, South America and the 
West Indies. Railway brake-shoes made at Chattanooga form 
part of modern railway equipment everywhere on the globe. 
Europe is a large buyer of Chattanooga slate pencils, pulleys, 
boat oars, leather and lava gas tips and puts a new label and 
fancy price on Chattanooga cotton oil. England and Canada 
order special machinery in large quantities from Chattanooga 
shippers, and a German pencil-making firm, through a plant at 
Chattanooga, is sawing and shipping for its own use immense 
quantities of Southern cedar. Austria buys Chattanooga cotton 
linters for carpet weaving, and shipments of Chattanooga paint 
are made to Yokohama and other remote ports of the world. 

,61. 



Acetylene Gas Burners. 
Advertising Caps, 27. 
Ammonia, 134, 139 
Architectural Iron Work, 12,49. 
Architectural Sheet Metal, 47. 
Asbestos Cement and Roofing. 45. 
Asphalt Roofing and Paving, 45. 
Awnings, 78. 
Awning Frames, 108. 
Babbitt Metal, 64. 
Badges, Metal and Ribbon, 13, 

57, 141. 
Baking Powder, 134, 139. 
Balconies, Iron, 108. 
Bandsaws, 46. 
Barges, 35, 112. 
Base Ball Bats, 103. 
Baskets, 3. 

Kedsprings, Spiral, 56, 
Beer, 17. 



Bells (Steel Alloy), Church, 

School and Farm, 118. 
Binders. I". 
Bits, 19. 

Blank Books, 57, 91, 143. 
Bluing, 134, 139. 
Boats, 35, 112. 
Boilers, 14, 85, 153. 
Boiler Compound. 94. 
Boxes, Paper, 84. 
Boxes, Pasteboard, 43. 
Boxes, Shipping i wire-bound i 8 
Boxes, wooden, 194. 
Boxboard, 43. 95. 
Brake Shoes (Railway), 118. 
Brass Work, 64. 
Brick, common, 44, 79, 135. 
Brick, Fire, 8.7, 96. 
Brick, Ornamental, 87, 96. 
Brick, Paving, 90. 



Chattanooga wood working machinery is shipped to Bombay, 
Chattanooga saws to Siam, in fact Chattanooga skill and energy 
have converted raw material into merchantable products that are 
sought for at every mart in the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. 

There are some lines of manufacture not carried on at Chatta- 
nooga which could be made very profitable, mention of which is 
made in other chapters. The manufacture of merchant bar iron 
and nails, of textile machinery, builder's hardware, edge tools, 

picks and shovels, hoes and rakes, dairy articles, textile g Is, 

boots and shoes, etc., could be as successfully carried on at Chatta- 
nooga as at any point upon this continent. 

The accompanying table comprises a partial list of the article- 
that are produced by the Chattanooga industries. The figures fol- 
lowing each item refer to a corresponding number in the alpha- 
betical table of manufacturing enterprises which follows: 



Brick, Pressed, 79, 135. 

Bridges, Iron, 55. 

Bridles, 19. 

Bronze Tuyeres, 04. 

Brooms, 18, 71. 

Buckles, 19. 

Builders' Material, 15,32,65,86. 

Building Castings, 12. 

Burial Cases, 98. 

Butter Dishes, 3. 

Candies, 11, 00, 140. 

Cane Cars and Cane Mill-. 20,39. 

Caps, 27. 

Capstan Bars, 103. 

Carbonated Drink-, I6| 67, 97. 

Cars (Cane. Mill and Mine), 20. 

Car Brasses, 64. 

Car Wheels, 29. 

Carriages. 7,8, 10,59,69, 123, 156. 

Cartons, 84. 



Caskets and Coffins, 22. 
Castings, brass and bronze, 04, 1 14. 
Castings, Iron, 12, 20, 24, 52, 

113/114, 118, 152. 155. 
Castings, Malleable, 128. 
( lastings, Steel, 132. 
Cedar Pencil Slats, 151. 
Cement, 45. 
Chalk, 61. 
Check-. Metal, 13. 
Chewing ( rum, 30. 
Chimney Top-, 96. 
cider. 134, 139. 
Cigar-, 21. 70,83, 89. 
Circular Saws. 46. 
Clothes Wringers, 142. 
Coal and Coke, 20. 158. 159. 
Concrete, 45. 
Copper Work, 192, 127. 
Cornices, 47. IDS. 127. 



13 




A VIEW IN THE NATIONAL CEMETERY AT CHATTANOOGA. 
The cemetery contains 75!^ acres. Over 13,000 soldiers are buried there, of which 5,000 are unknown. $250,000 have been expended in beautifying these grounds 



Cotton Hosiery, 31. 

Cotton Presses, 117. 

Cotton Seed Oil and Meal, 23. 

Cots, 78. 

Cracker Layers, 43. 

Crayons, 61. 

Cupolas, 14, 85, 153. 

Cured Meats, 101. 

Curtain Poles, 81. 

Dog Irons, 114, 130. 

Drain Tile, 87, 96. 

Drills, 94, 107. 

Electric Insulators. 61. 

Electric Light and Power, 161. 

Elevators, 138. 

Engines, 33.-16, 148, 155. 

Engravers, 115, 137. 

Felt Roofing, 45. 

Fencing, Iron, 9, Pi, 108. 

Fencing, Steel and Wire, 10S. 

Fertilizers, 119. 

Fibre Board, Ware, and Steam 

and Water Gaskets, 95. 
Fire Escapes, 9, Ins. 
Fireprooring, 96. 

Fixtures, bank, store, etc, 92, 141. 
Fixtures, Postoffice, 75. 
Flavoring Extracts, 134, 139. 
Flour, 10", 124. 
Flue Lining, 96. 
Fly Fans, 13. 
Forgings, 'jo, 132. 
Foundries, 14, 20. 52, 113, lis. 

152, 155. 
Friction Board, 95. 
Furnaces, 39. 

Furniture, all grades, 77, 88. 
Furniture, Bedsteads, 1. 
Furniture i fixtures) 65, 75, 92, 141 
Galvanized Iron, 49. 102, 127. 



The Manufacturing 

lias Pipe, Cast Iron, 24. 

Gas Tips, Lava, 61. 

Ginger Ale, 16. 

Granite and Stone Work, 34, IE 

Grates, all kinds, 12, 102, 130. 

Grate Bars, 14, 114. 

( ruard Railing, 108. 

Hall Racks, Oak and Walnut, 5 

Handles, all grades and kinds, 10 

Harness, 58, 62, 76, 131. 

Harrows, 39. 

Hay Presses, 53, 117. 

Heaters, 85. 

Hollowware, 50, 102, 130. 

Hominy, 100. 

Horse Collars, 76, 131. 

Ice, 4, 28. 

Ice Cream Freezers, 66. 

Interior Finishings, 32, 65, 86. 

Inventors' Models, 75, 106. 

Iron Seats and Vases, 12. 

.leans, 110. 

.leans Pants, 38, 110. 

Kitchen safes, 1. 

Ladders, 51. 

Lath, 5, 32, 88, 120, 140. 

Leather, 121, 125. 150. 

Leather Belting, 150. 

Letter Files, 84. 

Lime, 72. 

Lime Kilns, 85. 

Linters, 23. 

Lumber, 5, S.S, 126. 140. 

Machine Knives, 40. 

Machinery, all kinds to order, 

20, 33, 46, 52, lis, 148, 155. 
Mantels, Iron. 12. 
Mantels, wood, 92, 141. 
Mattresses, 56, 77, 109. 
Meal. 100, 116, 124. 



Interests of Chattanooga. 

Metallic Paint, 37, 90. 

Metal Plating, 12, 130. 

Models, 75. 
3. Monuments, 34, 99, 129, 133, 147. 

Mortar Colors, 37. 

Mouldings, 32, 88. 

Oars, 103. 
5. Ornamental Iron Work, 12, 108. 

( Iveralls, 38. 

Patent Medicines. 0, 36, 63, 74,li>5 

Patterns, Metal, 64, 106, 128. 

Patterns, Wooden, 75. 

Pavements, 45. 

Pea Hullers, 53. 

Pig Iron, 30, 54. 

Pike Poles, 103. 

Pipe, Cast Iron, 24. 

Pipe, Wooden, 25. 

Pipe, Sewer, 87, 96. 

Pipe, Culvert, 87, 96. 

Pitch, 45. 

Planing Mills, 15, 32, 65, 86. 

Plows, 29, 39. 

Plow Shapes, 29. 

Portable Workhouses, 55. 

Pottery, 157. 

Powder, Black, 41. 

Pulleys, Wood Split, 42. 

Pulp Board, 43. 

Refrigerators, 77, 82. 

Roofing, Asphalt, 45. 

Roofing, Steel, Tin and Iron, 49. 

Roofing Paint, 45. 

Rosin Board, 95. 

Rubber Stamps, 13, 57, 144. 

Saddlerv, 76, 131. 

Sad Irons, 130. 

Safety Gates, R. K. < irossings, 1 is. 

Sample Cases, 73, 111. 

Saratoga Chips, 40. 



Sash, Doors and Blinds, 32, 65, 6 

Sash Weights, 114. 

Sausage, 101. 

Saw Mills, '33. 40, 52, 155. 

Saw Mill Machinery, 33. 

Saws, 40. 

Seals, 13, 144. 

Shafting, 132. 

Sheet Iron Work, 85. 

Shingles, 32. 

Shirts, 48, 68. 

Shoe Button Fasteners, 19. 

Show Cases, 141. 

Siding, Steel anil Iron. 49. 

Slack Barrel Cooperage, 72. 

Slate Pencils, 61. 

Soap, 120. 

Stand Pipes, 14, 85. 

Stencil Plates, 13, 144. 

Stirrups, 19. 

Store Fronts 47, 19. 

Stoves and Ranges, 50, 102. 127. 

Stoves, Office, lis. 

Stove Pipe. 19. 

Stove Ware. 102. 

Structural lion, 55. 

Sirj;ir Evaporators, 14, 39. 

Tannery Liquor Logs, 25. 

Tarpaulins, 78. 

Telegraph Cross Anns, 15. 

Tent Poles, Pins and Peg.-, 103. 

Tile and Tiling, 12. 87, 96, 127. 

Tin Roofing, 49, 102, 127. 

Tinware. 102, 127. 136. 

Tombstones, 34, 99, 129, 133, 1 17. 

Traveling Goods, 73. 

Trucks, 51. 

Trunks, 73, 111. 

Turnings, 75. 

Vegetable Crates, I'M. 



15 



The Manufacturing Interests of Chattanooga. 



1 

2 

3 
4 
5 
6 

8 
9 

10 

11 

12 
13 

14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
2(1 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
28 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 



N \M1 OF FIRM 



_ CQ 
I- < 
< H 



Acinc Sale Co 

Rachel'. Jacob 

Benjamin Mfg. Co 

Big Spring Ice Co 

Blair, F. W 

Bolton Remedy Co 

Booher, J. A. & Co 

Book, S. H. &Co 

Brown, T. \V. & Bro 

Bryan, Win, N 

Bukofzei & Co 

< lahill Iron Works 

(ail T. Painter Co 

Casev A: Ik-dues Ml'-. Co 

Central Mfg, Co.. 

Chattanooga Bottling Wks... 
i lhattanooga Brewing Co .. 
Chattanooga Broom Factory 

Chattanooga' Buckle Co 

Chattanooga Car& Fdv. ( !o., 

Chattanooga Cigar Co 

Chatta. Coffin & Casket Co... 
Chattanooga Cotton Oil Co.. 

Chatta. Fdv. A- Pipe Wks 

Chattanooga Furniture Co... 
Chattanooga < ias Light Co... 
Chatta. Hat & ( ap Mfg I o 

( Ibattai ga Ice Co 

Chatta. Implement Wks 

Chattanooga Iron Co 

( lhattanooga Knitting Mills. 
( lhattanooga Lumber Co 



1895 
1885 
1889 
1885 

1888 
1890 
1896 
1894 
1892 
Kill 
1889 
1875 
1S84 
1889 
1893 
1887 
L888 
1895 
1895 
1875 
1890 
18S7 
1894 
1877 
1 875 
1871 
I s;M 
1890 
1895 
1S74 
1896 
1892 



oo 
.o 



TERRITORY OF 

SHIPMENTS 



10 

1(111 

2 
100 



100 
100 
10 
1C0 
100 

1(1 

50 

5 

60 

:,ii 

100 

15 

5 

Kid 

5 



• > 
100 

"90 
15 
10 



mi 



SE'n D. s. 

""ij'.'s."' 



N. Y. and X Fin. 
Son. D. S. 



Sou. U. S. 



N. America. 
Sou. U. S. 
X. and S. America 
Mexico and I". S. 
Radius 150 miles 
Sou. U. S. 



Sou. U. S. 
Sou. U. S. 



SE'n U. S. 
Can., U. S., Eu. 

U.S. 

Mexico and I". S. 

"u."s. 

Radius 100 miles 
Sou. U. S. 

Mdl. & XW. U.S. 
SE'n U. S. 

Radius 300 miles 



<1 
„,°. 



z a. 



13 S 



5° 

z z 

5 < 



CHARACTER OF OUTPUT 



18,000 

1,000 

15,000 

25,0(10 
15,000 

1,000 
1,500 
1,000 
1,000 
1,500 
2,000 
35,000 
4.20(1 
100.000 

lo.i 

5,000 

400,000 

500 

10,000 

175,000 

3,000 

75,000 

50,000 

400,000 

oO.OOO 

225,000 

2,000 

75,000 

25,000 

125,000 

12,000 
35,000 



i 30,000 
2,000 


20 
1 


$ 


30,000 
10,000 


40 
14 




75,000 


40 




2,500 


2 




5,000 


9 




5,000 


6 




12,000 


5 




5,000 


6 




15.000 


6 




75,000 

5,000 

250,000 

75,000 


75 

5 

100 

60 




6,000 


6 




200,000 


60 




5,000 


6 




8,000 


8 




80,000 

15,000 

150,000 

200,000 

1,250,000 

75,000 


125 
12 

75 
60 

300 
75 


1 


50,000 
16,000 
20,000 
45,000 


30 
15 

25 
45 




1. '.0,000 
30,000 
55,000 


100 
15 
30 





5,000 

500 

7,000 

5,000 

•Jo. 

1,000 
3,000 
3,000 
2,000 

.",.: 

2,000 

30,1 

2,000 

35,000 

20,000 
1,000 

30,000 

1.000 

2,500 
40,000 

5,000 
25,000 

10,000 
100,000 

25,1 

I 2..-.I (I I 

3,500 

12,500 

■j ;,.ooi I 

30. i 

7,500 
12,000 



Bedsteads, kitchen safes 

Native wine 

High grade baskets, etc. 

Ice 

Lumber 

Patent medicines 

Carriages, etc. 

Carriages, etc. 

Wrought iron fencing, etc. 

Carriages, etc. 

Confectionery 

Grates, mantels, casting, etc. 

Rubber stamps, etc. 

Boilers, stanupipes, etc. 

Telegraph cross arms, etc. 

Carbonated drinks 

Beer 

Brooms 

Buckles, bits, bridles, etc. 

Cars, car wheels, forgings, etc. 

Cigars 

( loffins and caskets 

Cotton seed oil, hulls, etc. 

Cast iron gas and water pipes 

Oak and walnut tables, etc. 

(ias and bye products 

Hals, caps, etc. 

Ice 

Plows and plow shapes 

All grades coke pig iron 

Cotton hosiery 

Sash, doors, blinds, etc. 



16 



The Manufacturing Interests of Chattanooga. 



NAME OF FIRM 







. z 


£ < 


J)« 


Ou 


w£ 


-0 






"rtfl 


z 






< r- ' 









TERRITORY OF 

SHIPMENTS 



Chattanooga Machinery Co.. 
Chat. Marble & Granite Wks 
Chat. Marine Ways&Con. Co 
Chattanooga Medicine Co. 

Chattanooga Paint Co 

Chattanooga Pants Factory.. 
Chattanooga Plow Co... 
Chattanooga Potato Chip Co 

Chattanooga Powder Co 

Chattanooga Pulley Co 

Chat. Pulp & Pulp Board Mill 

Chatta. River Brick Co 

Chatta. Roof & Paving Co... 

Chattanooga Saw Co 

Chatta. Sheet Metal Wks 

Chattanooga Shirt Factory... 

Chatta. Steel Rooting Co 

Chattanooga Stove Co 

Chat.Wh'lbarrow&TruckCo 
Chickamauga F. & M. Wks.. 
( hiekamanga Hay Press Co. 

Citico Furnace Co 

Converse Bridge Co 

Cramer, P. C 

Crandall- Bradt Printing Co. 

Crescent Harness Co 

Davied, John F 

Dietzen, N. & Bro 

1). M. Steward Mfg. Co 

Dowling, W. J 

Dr. H. 1. Thacher Med. Co.. 
Eagle Brass Works 



1887 


30 


1895 


50 


1894 


25 


1879 




1884 




1879 




1878 




1890 


25 


1890 




1XSS 




1895 




1886 


50 


1888 


25 


1881 


25 


1896 


50 


1894 
1S91 


100 
5 


1894 


5 


ism; 


30 


1890 


10 


IS! 11 




1884 


30 


1894 


1<) 


1885 


5 


1876 


50 


1896 
1893 


100 
100 


1893 


30 


1887 




1895 


80 


1890 


5 


1888 


30 



Can., Kng., U. S. 

Radius 100 miles 

Miss. River trade 

U.S. 

U.S. 

Sou. U. S. 
Mex., S. A., U. S. 

SE'n U. S. 

Sou. U. S. 
Europe, N. Ainer. 
U. S., ex. N. Eng. 
Radius 150 miles 
Radius 150 miles 

Sou. U. S. _ 
Radius 150 miles 

SE'nU.S."" 
Sou. U. S. _ 
Radius 150 miles 

Sou. U. S. 

Mex., S. A., U. S. 

N. America. 

Sou. U. S. 

SE'n U. S. 

U.S. 



Radius 100 miles 
America, Europe 
Radius 100 miles 

Sou. U. S. 

SE'n U. S. 



25,000 

1,500 

14,000 

150,000 

20,000 

25,000 

250,000 

1,000 

247,000 

40,000 

::ii, 

25,000 
10,000 
1 0,000 

1,000 

500 

40,000 

75,000 

3,000 
25,000 

5,000 

200,000 

20,000 

2,000 
30,000 

I,J00 

1,000 

3,000 

40,000 

300 

10,000 

7.1)00 



5" 



-o 

3 o- 



Z D. 

<S 

x m 



<3s 



z z 
5< 



CHARACTER OF OUTPUT 



30,000 


25 


$ 


5,000 


8 




12,000 


50 




350,000 


80 




40,000 


16 




70,000 


85 




400,000 


250 




:;, 


5 




75,000 


87 




75,000 


40 




75,000 


30 




17,500 


35 




25,000 


25 




50,000 


10 




4,000 


7 




2,< 


4 




150,000 


25 




100,000 


80 




4,000 


6 




20,000 


10 




15,000 


10 




350,000 


150 




75,000 


50 




12,000 


5 




50,000 


60 




5,000 


2 




3,500 


4 




10,000 


8 




35, 


100 




2,000 


2 




30,000 


16 




16,000 


7 





12,500 
2,500 
6,000 

10,1)00 

8,000 

12, 

150,000 
500 

35,000 

15,000 
'.'. I 

10,000 
!l,lll)ll 

1 2,000 
;,,(',( id 
1,500 

12,000 

15,1 

2,o(iii 
.-i.ooo 
5, 

50,000 

15,000 
1,500 

20,(ii)() 

1,000 

2,000 

3,200 

25,000 

700 

s. ) 

3.900 



Saw mill & woodwork, mach. 
Monuments and tombstones 
Boats and barges 
Patent medicines 
Metallic paint, mortar colors 
Jeans & cassimere pants, etc. 
Plows, cane mills, etc. 
Saratoga chips 
Black powder 
Wood split pulleys 
Pulp board, etc. 
Building brick 
Hoofing, flooring and paving- 
Saws, machine knives, etc. 
Architectural sheet metal 
Custom made shirts 
Steel and iron roofing, etc. 
Stoves and ranges 
Wheelbarrows, etc. 
Foundry. 

Hay presses and pea hullers 
Foundry and forge pig iron 
Structural iron, etc. 
Mattresses, spiral bed springs 
Blank books, etc. 
Harness 
Carriages, etc. 
Candies 

Slate pencils, gas iips,-etc. 
Hand-made harness 
Patent medicines 
Bronze & brass castings, etc. 



17 



The Manufacturing Interests of Chattanooga. 



NAME OF FIRM 





_i 






Jl£ 


ou 


UJ £ 


.0 




H-J 


fca 


a "J 


m ffl 


"8 


5S 


a a 







TtRRITORY OF 

SHIPA\ENTS 



Id 


c 

01 


z 3 


O j 


<D 


z a 


u° 


< S 


3 g 


X u. 


< 





> 


z 


100,000 


50 


2,500 


15 


10,000 


10 


2,000 


3 


N.I M"l 


7 


12,600 


7 


1,500 


3 


35, 


50 


20,000 


6 


200,000 


71 


6,000 


6 


20,000 


6 


15,000 


20 


6,000 


6 


30,000 


60 


3,500 


4 


45,1100 


50 


80,000 


50 


4,000 


3 


1 4,000 


16 


75.11(11) 


40 


50, 


20 


70,000 


SO 


370,000 


250 


4,000 


3 


15,000 


8 


30,000 


30 


4,000 


6 


•Jim. i 


125 


2,500 


2 


15,000 


6 


60,000 


90 



3 a 

1? 



. H iBACTER OF OUTPUT 



65 
66 
67 
68 
69 
70 
71 
72 
73 
74 
75 
76 
77 
78 
70 
80 
81 
82 
83 
84 
85 
86 
87 
88 
89 
90 
91 
92 
93 
94 
95 
96 



East Tenn. Luin. & Mfg. Co 

Economy Freezer Co 

Enterprise Bottling Works 

Eshleman, J. A 

Fassn ach t, A 

Flach, John 

Frugal Broom Works 

(lager Lime & Mfg. Co 

G. E. McKenney Trunk Co 

Gerstle, L&Co 

Globe Pattern Works 

Globe Saddlery Co 

Gottscbalk & Co 

Grimm, J. & Co 

Howard-Parks Brick Co 

Howenstine, John 

Judd, H.L. &Co 

Keyser Manufacturing Co.. 

Kriegner, W. L 

Kuster & Thompson 

Lookout Boiler & Mfg. Co.. 

Lookout Planing Mill 

Lookout Sewer Pipe Co 

Loomis & Hart Mfg. Co 

Loudenber, F. W. A Co..... 
Lowe's Metallic Paint Co... 

MacGowan & Cooke 

Mighton, J. S. (agent) 

Milburu-Bass Wagon Co.... 

Miners Supply Co 

Mission Ridge Fibre Co 

Montague & Co 



1887 
1894 

IS! II I 
INS.", 

1874 
1896 

isic, 
1S93 
1889 
1885 
1892 
1887 
1878 
1S0C, 
1889 
I sue, 
1889 
1895 
1893 
1887 
18S7 
1888 
1890 
1 865 
1891 
1872 

iNNf, 

1891 
1896 
1389 
1897 
1865 



911 



60 

75 

90 

100 

100 



50 
90 
50 
100 
50 



100 

75 

5 

100 



Radius 100 miles 

Sou. U. S. 
Radius 100 miles 
Radius 100 miles 
Radius 100 miles 



U.S. east Miss, riv 

S,,u. U. S. 
Sou. A W'n C. S 

Sou. U. S. 

SE'n U. S. 

Sou. U. S. 



Radius 150 miles 

E'nl'.S. 

Sou. C. S. 
Forei'n trade, U.S. 



SE'n U. S. 
SE'n U. S. 



Sou. U. S. 

I s. 

Radius 200 miles 

V. S. 

Sou. U.S. 

Iladius Ion miles 

Sou. U. S. 

Sou. U. S. 

U.S. 
SE'n l\ S. 



20, i 

1,000 

10,000 

500 

3,000 

11,400 

300 

45,000 

5,000 
7.".. i 

1,000 

5,000 
35,000 

1,000 
25,000 

1,100 
65,000 
10,000 

1,000 
10,000 
10,000 
12,500 

s( 1,00(1 

200,000 
1,000 
8,000 
20,000 
2,000 
loo.oi III 
2,000 

10, 

100,000 



i 15,000 
2,(100 
2,000 
1,000 
3,000 
4,800 
400 

15,000 
3,500 

■Jo. 

4,000 
2,5( II I 
7,500 
I. 

1 o.oi 10 
1,200 

15,000 

2d, 

2,000 

6, 

15,000 
10,000 
25,000 

llo, 

2,000 
4,000 
12,500 
2.400 
15,000 
1,000 
6,000 
30,00" 



Sash, doors, blinds, etc. 
Ice cream freezers 
• Carbonated drinks 
Custom made shirts 
Carriages, etc. 
Cigars 

Blooms 

White lime, cooperage, etc. 

Trunks, sample cases, etc. 

Patent medicines 

Patterns, P.O. fixtures, etc. 

Saddlery and harness 

Furniture, etc. 

Awnings, tarpau'ins, etc 

Brick 

Wire bound shipping boxes 

Curtain poles, etc. 

Oak refrigerators 

Cigars 

Paper boxes, letter tiles, etc. 

Boilers, standpipes, etc. 

Sash, doors, blinds, etc. 

Sewer pipe, drain tile, etc 

Furniture and lumber 

Cigars 

Metallic paint 

Blank books, etc. 

Mantels, office, store fixtures 

Farm and plantation wagons 

Mining drills, etc. 

Fibre board, fibre ware. etc. 

Sewer pipe, drain tile. etc. 



IN 



The Manufacturing Interests of Chattanooga. 



NAME OF FIRM 



c < 

U 

u ■ 



TERRITORY OF 

SHIPMENTS 



■r, C 

< s 



s " 



j < 

< ^ 

3* 



CHARACTER OF OUTPI'T 



98 
99 
100 
101 
102 
103 
104 
105 
106 
1117 
108 
109 
110 
111 
112 
113 
114 
115 
116 
117 
118 
119 
120 
121 
122 
123 
124 
I J". 
126 
127 
128 



Mountain City Bottling Wks 
Mount. City Burial Caw Co.. 
Mountain City Marble Wks.. 

Mountain City Mill Co 

Mountain City Packing Co.. 
Mount. City Stove & Mfg. Co 

National Boat Oar Co 

Nees, W. R 

New Spencer Medicine Co... 

Nixon Manufacturing Co 

Nixon Ratchet Min. Drill Co 
Ornamental Iron & Wire Co 

Parharn, M. B 

Park Woolen Mills 

Peake's Trunk Factory 

Perry, A. R 

Phoenix Foundry Co 

Price & Evans Mfg. Co 

Respess Co (The) 

Ridgedale Mills 

Roanoke Iron & Wood Wks.. 
Ross-Meehan Foundry Co... 

Scholze Bros 

Seholze Bros. & Co 

Scholze, Robert 

Severin, A 

Shaft 1 , C. W 

Shelton Mills 

Sherman Heights Tannery... 

Snodgrass & Field 

Snow, T. A. &Co 

Southern Mai. Iron Wks 



IS! 1 4 
IS! 14 
1897 
1891 
1890 
1885 
1897 
1894 
1894 
1892 
L888 
1894 
1881 
IS! in 
1879 
1882 
1880 
1887 
1897 
1896 
1887 
1889 
1882 
1887 
1872 
1875 
1888 
1879 
1895 
1SS0 

1873 
1891 



loo 
10 
30 
15 



100 



100 

50 

100 



20 

75 

35 

2 

100 
25 

100 

10(1 

75 



W'n U. S. 
Radius 100 miles 

SE'n U. S. 

SE'n U. S. 

Sou. U. S. 
L*. S. and Europe 



S u. U. S. 
Sou. U. S. 
Sou. D. S. 
Sou. U. S. 
Sou. U. S. 
U.S. 



Tenn. River trade 



Mdl. & Sou. U. S. 

Sou. U. S. 
Radius 150 miles 

SE'n U. S. 

Sou. U. S. 



Sou. U. S. 



Radius 100 miles 

SE'n U. S. 

East Miss. River 

N. Y. and N.Eng 

SE'n U. S. 

Sou. U. S. 



3,000 

20,000 

1,500 

[200,000 

15,000 

'40,000 

25,000 

1,000 

15,000 

2,000 

2,000 

3,000 

8,000 

100,000 

2,500 

10,000 

7,500 

8,000 

4,000 

2,50(1 

5,000 

S0.O0O 

20,000 

10,000 

2(i.( 

1,000 
4,000 

75, 

40,000 
50,000 
50,000 

SO.000 



I 6,000 

50,000 

5.000 

1,500,000 

60,000 

100,000 

50,000 

2,000 

25,000 

10,000 

2,500 

25,000 

30,000 

250,000 

5,000 

12,000 

'"15,000 

311,0011 
10,000 

12, 

5,000 
150,000 

4o. 

35,000 

50,000 

2,000 

6,000 

500,000 

40,000 

■jiii i.i no 

100,000 

250, 



5 


$ 1,500 


30 


12,000 


5 


1,500 


135 


45,000 


9 


3,500 


60 


35,000 


35 


12.500 


3 


1,000 


15 


8,000 


3 


1,500 


2 


1,000 


8 


4,000 


8 


2,500 


150 


35,000 


2 


1.000 


20 


4,000 


10 


5, 1 


20 


6,500 


8 


5,000 


4 


1,500 


5 


2,000 


135 


mi. 


15 


5,500 


10 


5,ooo 


30 


10,000 


2 


1,000 


8 


4.000 


10 


25.000 


20 


7,500 


60 


25,000 


30 


15,000 


140 


50,000 



Carbonated drinks 

Finished burial cases 

Monuments and tombstones 

Flour, meal, etc. 

Sausage and cured meats 

Stoves, ranges, etc. 

Oars, handles, etc. 

Vegetable crates, etc. 

Patent medicines 

Cast iron hardware, etc. 

Mining drills 

Fencing, balconies, etc. 

Mattresses. 

Jeans, linsey, jeans pants 

Trunks, etc. 

Boats and barges 

Foundry 

Sash weights, washers, etc. 

Engravers 

Meal and feed 

Hay and cotton presses 

Railway brake shoes, etc. 

Fertilizers 

Laundry soap 

Leather 

Native wine 

Carriages, etc. 

Flour, meal, etc. 

Leather 

Lumber 

Stoves, ranges, etc. 

Malleables and castings 



l!l 



The Manufacturing Interests of Chattanooga. 



NAME OF FIRM 



H 
, Z 


j 

S; < 
o u 
. o 


TERRITORY OF 


H 

K 




Q 

> 

tn O 

Q J 


- 

< * 

*5 




hi m 
h < 


« K 


SHIPMENTS 


h 

< 
(J 


< o 

a « 

J 

< 

> 


J- 

o' 
z 


5 z 
5< 


CHARACTER OF OUTPUT 


1882 


20 


SE'n U. S. 


$ 1,000 


$ 8,000 


4 


$ 2,000 


Monuments and tombstones 


1892 


25 


SE'n U. S. 


10,000 


35,000 


50 


18,000 


Nickel, brass, bronze grates 


1894 


10 


Sou. U. S. 


25,000 


70,000 


30 


16,000 


Saddlery and harness 


1883 


10 


Sou. U. S. 


10,000 


7,500 


13 


4,000 


Steel castings and forgings 


1888 


25 


SE'n U. S. 


2,000 


9,000 


8 


3,500 


Marble and stone work 


1882 


30 


Radius 200 miles 


2.">,IKJ0 


40,000 


18 


8,000 


Baking powders, etc. 


1890 


30 


SE'n U. S. 


15,000 


10,000 


15 


2,500 


Pressed brick 


1891 


urn 




1,500 


4,000 


4 


1,800 


Tinware 


1891 


75 


Sou. & E'n U. S. 


1,000 


2,000 


1 


2,000 


Designing and engraving 


1893 


100 




2,000 


3,000 
50,000 


•> 


1,000 
7,500 




1 S.SS 


15 


Sou. U. S. 


12,000 


10 


Bluing, baking powder, etc. 


1882 




N. Y and N.Eng. 


75,000 


100,000 


50 


25,000 


Lumber 


1893 


60 


Mdl. & Sou. U. S. 


2,000 


16,000 


10 


8,000 


Show cases, etc. 


1896 


100 




1,500 


2,000 


2 


1,000 


Clothes wringers 


1869 


40 


Sou. U. S. 


200,000 


150,000 


135 


80,000 


Blank books, publishers 


1887 


75 


SE'n U. S. 


500 


1,000 


2 


600 


Rubber stamps, badges, etc. 


1897 


50 


Radius 200 miles 


15,000 


50,000 


10 


5,000 


Lincoln county corn whisky 


189.") 


25 


Radius 100 miles 


8,000 


30,000 


15 


5,000 


Candies 


1880 


50 


Radius 150 miles 


4,000 


20,000 


10 


7,500 


Marble, granite, stone work 


1870 


85 


SE'n U. S. 


:;",( 


1 .-.,('( Ml 


15 


6,000 


Engines, machinery, etc. 


1891 


10 


U.S. 


15,000 


40,000 


20 


7,000 


Stock remedies 


1876 




Europe, U. S. 


500,000 


350,000 


250 


100,000 


Leather 


1894 




Germany 


35,000 


45,000 


50 


15,000 


Cedar pencil slats 


1879 


20 


SE'n U. S. 


10,000 


20,000 


25 


12,000 


Foundry 


1S89 


10 


Sou. U. S. 


30,000 


110,000 


75 


25,000 


Boilers, etc. 


1876 


80 


Radius 75 miles 


10,000 


10,000 


25 


C.IHHI 


Brick 


1874 


10 


Sou. U. S. 


80,000 


53,000 


50 


22, i 


Engines, etc. 


1886 


90 


Radius 150 miles 


3,000 


12,000 


10 


4,500 


Delivery wagons, buggies, etc. 


1885 


15 


Sou. U. S. 


50,000 


30,000 


25 


18,000 


Pottery 


1866 


60 


Radius 150 miles 


150,000 


150,000 


300 


110,000 


Coke and coal 


1868 


35 


Tenn. and Ga. 


50,000 


50,000 


65 


24,000 


Coal 


1867 


100 




1,000,000 
150,000 


110,000 
50,000 


30 


25 000 


Water 


1881 100 




25 


18^000 


Electric light and power 



129 
130 
131 
132 
133 
134 
135 
136 
137 
138 
139 
140 
141 
142 
143 
144 
145 
146 
147 
148 
149 
150 
151 
152 
153 
154 
155 
156 
157 
158 
159 
160 
161 



Southern Monumental Wks 
iSouthern Queen Mfg. Co.... 

Southern Saddlery Co 

Southern Steel Works 

Southern Stone & Marble Co 

Stagmaier <& Fletcher 

Standard Pressed Brick Wks 

Stevens, A. S 

Suverkrop, R. E. M 

Sybilla, F. & Co 

Talbott & Cavender 

Taylor & Crate 

Tenn. Fix. & Show Case Co.. 

Thornton, Wm 

Times Printing Co 

Tischer, Joe 

Tolley & Betterton 

Trigg, Dobbs & Co 

Troutt, John 

Truxal & DunmeyerMfg. ( !o 

Union Feed Co 

United States Leather Co... 

Von Hardtmuth, F 

Wagner's F. &M. Wks 

Walsh & Weidner 

Wells, J. W. & Bro 

Wheeland's Machine Wks... 

Wilson, T. I 

Chattanooga Pottery Co 

New Soddv Coal Co 

Sale Creek Coal & Coke Co.. 

City Water Co 

Chatta. Light & Power Co. . 



20 



THE IRO®( INDUSTRY. 



THE Iron Industry of Chattanooga is more varied and 
extensive than that of any other city in the South and it 
is steadily growing in importance. 

There are in the city and suburbs thirteen iron foundries, two 
cast pipe foundries (one of which is perhaps the largest iron pipe 
foundry in the world), two blast furnaces, besides other important 
iron making industries which embrace everything in the line of 
foundry job work, specialties in the way of cast-iron pipe, malle- 
able iron castings, stoves and hollow-ware, stationary engines, 
saw mills, cars, agricultural implements, cane mills, evaporators, 
architectural material, mantels and grates, boilers, tanks, stand- 
pipes, builders' hardware, etc., etc. 

The Chattanooga foundries consumed during the year 189ti, 
in the manufacture of their product, over 25,000 tons of pig-iron, 
besides a large variety of other forms of iron and steel, represent- 
ing a larger consumption of raw material for conversion into 
finished product than is reported from any other city in the 
Southern states. The foundries of Chattanooga are prepared to 
pour the largest castings and produce the heaviest forgings that 
can be manufactured in the South. There is no better point in 
America to locate a merchant rolling mill. 

The manufacture of hardware and builder's material and 
tools, textile machinery and the better quality of machine equip- 
ment, has been neglected in the South, but no city in America of- 
fers superior advantages for a profitable investment in this branch 
of industry. By virtue of its location on the Tennessee river, 
which is navigable almost the year round to connections with the 
Ohio and Mississippi ports, having rival railway lines in every 
direction, it is an ideal place for the assembling and distribution 
of materials. Beds of coal and iron ore are found along the lines 
of all these railways and also on the river, within easy reach of 



Chattanooga, the iron ore cropping out within the city limits and 
coal of a very high grade existing in abundant quantities within 
six miles; an abundant supply of limestone of excellent quality 
also lies about the city. The juxtaposition of these raw materials 
within such close reach of the city gives unsurpassed facilities for 
the manufacture of pig-iron in almost any required analysis, at 
an exceedingly moderate cost. The product of the Chattanooga 
iron furnaces commands a high price in all the markets of the 
country and one of the Chattanooga furnaces sells most of its 
material to the higher grade of hardware manufacturers in the 
East, on account of its superior quality. 

The new cast-iron pipe works of the Chattanooga Pipe & 
Foundry Co., which has just been erected at a cost of nearly one- 
third of a million dollars, is one of the most elaborately equipped 
pipe works in the world, being furnished throughout witli t In- 
most improved electric appliances, the pits, cranes, and in fact all 
the manipulation in the manufacture of cast-iron pipe being en- 
tirely new and having been erected in the light of modern elec- 
trical achievements. The capacity of this plant will be nearly 
300 tons of cast-iron pipe per day. 

Chattanooga's iron industries are destined to become of great 
importance for emphatic and obvious reasons, which briefly are : 

1st. — Abundance, excellence and cheapness of raw materials 
for the production of both iron and steel. 

2nd. — Exceptionally good transportation facilities by rail and 
river. 

3d. — Central location in a large territory which she can reas- 
onably hope to supply against all competition. 

4th. — Physical, climatic and artificial attractions that make 
the place inviting both to the citizen and to the visitor, insuring 
enl htened and reliable class of labor. 



21 








"i/" Tjg^f 1 -" r ""t g S € 





<_MA I 1AJNOUUA h\ IOOJ. 

This photograph shews the city <>t Chattanooga as it appeared when occupied by the Union troops in 1863 ; the army tents are in the foreground. The population of the 

citv at that time consisted chiefly of soldiers. 



THE TIMBERS OF THIS SECTION. 



THE annual cut of Timber in Chattanooga from tlie log is 
nearly twenty million feet and tlie total amount of tim- 
ber annually handled in this city for manufacturing pur- 
poses is almost fifty million feet. This is exclusive of the lumber 
sold from this city in an unmanufactured state. 

The chief wood in this locality is oak — white, red, Spanish, 
overcup and chestnut, or tan bark. This wood in some localities 
runs fifteen thousand feet to the acre, the trees varying from twelve 
inches to four feet in diameter. About five million feet come an- 
nually to the city by water, in logs, selling at the wharf at $6.00 
to $9.00 per thousand in the log. It is used very extensively here 
in the manufacture of furniture and for building material. 

Chattanooga is a large buyer of tanbark, and nearly fifteen 
thousand cords are annually sold, a considerable portion coming 
by wagon. 

Poplar also grows very extensively throughout this country 
and is a strictly first-class wood, the trees varying from twelve 
inches to six feet in diameter, often running as high as thirty 
thousand feet to the acre. It is very accessible and from twelve 
to fourteen million feet annually come to this city in logs and 
sell at from S6.00 to §12.50 per thousand feet. It is used largely 
lor building purposes and also used in wood products. 

Pine, yellow and white, is found extensively throughout this 
locality, on the ridges and mountains; the trees run from eight to 
thirty inches in diameter, grow in clusters, and vary from four to 
five thousand feet in each clump. About a million feet of yellow 
pine come to the city annually in logs, selling at about Sti.00 per 



thousand. Five hundred thousand feet annually of white pine are 
rafted here and sold at about $9.00 per thousand. 

Sweet gum is largely used in this city for furniture, butter- 
dishes and baskets, selling in the log at $6.00 per thousand ; about 
three-fourths of a million feet annually arrive here in rafts. 

Maple is used in the manufacture of furniture and pulleys, 
about one-fourth of a million feet per annum coming to the city, 
the trees varying from twelve to twenty-four inches in diameter, 
and in some localities there are from ten to twelve thousand feet 
to the acre, selling in the city at an average of $10.00 per thou- 
sand feet. 

From one-third to one-half a million feet of bass-wood are an- 
nually brought to to the city by river, averaging $7.00 per 
thousand in the log; it is used in the manufacture of coffins and 
furniture. A good quality of ash grows in this locality, selling at 
from $6.00 to $12.50 per thousand feet, the annual receipts by river 
being in the neighborhood of one hundred thousand feet. 

There is some walnut left in this section, but it is rapidly be- 
coming scarce, the annual receipts by water growing less each 
year ; it sells as high as $50.00 per thousand in the log. 

Beech is very abundant and also chestnut; cherry and cedar 
or juniper, are found in many localities in this immediate section. 

Among the hard woods that are procurable in this locality 
are box-wood, hickory, laurel, hackberry, black locust, buckeye 
and considerable persimmon, and all other woods that are indige- 
nous to this climate. The forests of oak, pine and poplar are very 
extensive and show scarely any appreciable diminution in 
supply. 



2-1 



THE WOOD-WORKING INTERESTS. 



eQUAL in importance in all respects with the iron industry 
is the wood-working industry of Chattanooga. It is 
very rare that these two great lines of manufacture are 
correspondingly developed in the same locality, but such are the 
wonderful resources of this city that in each branch, both iron 
and wood, it enjoys almost unsurpassed facilities. 

The manufacture of wood products has been for years a prom- 
inent factor in Chattanooga's diversified industries. Chattanooga 
now leads the South in the manufacture of furniture, coffins and 
refrigerators. The manufacture of furniture in Chattanooga 
commenced about twenty years ago; the articles first made were 
of the cheapest description, out of the commonest material, con- 
sisting of cheap bedsteads, kitchen tables, kitchen safes, etc. The 
demand grew rapidly, the quality of the goods steadily improved, 
the markets broadened, new factories were erected and the indus- 
try developed to a marvelous degree. Today a very high grade of 
furniture is made in Chattanooga from all the leading cabinet 
woods, including oak, walnut and mahogany. Chattanooga furni- 
ture is now sold in every Southern state, many Northern states, 
all the Eastern states and to some extent in foreign countries. 

The city is exceptionally well located for the successful man- 
ufacture of furniture and wood products, as it is one of the very 
best primary hardwood lumber markets in the South. The tim- 
ber is taken from forests adjacent to Chattanooga, consequently 
heavy freights on manufactured lumber are saved by the manufact- 
urers, while in shipping they have the very closest competition to 
all the markets of the world. The Chattanooga wood-working 
industries are putting in the latest and most approved wood- 
working machinery, as fast as it is placed on the market. The 
policy of the Chattanooga manufacturer in this branch is to meet 
the demand for better goods, and as fast as any new method for 



the manufacture of furniture, or for new styles is introduced, it is 
promptly applied by the local manufacturers. 

The manufacture of coffins has become a very important in- 
dustry, there being now three large factories engaged in this line, 
with prospects of a fourth. The largest refrigerator manufactur- 
ing establishment in the South is located in Chattanooga, and its 
product is found in every state and is gaining a considerable sale 
in South America and European market-. 

The gradual but substantial development of the wood-work- 
ing industry here has educated a must desirab'e class of labor and 
in this respect this city enjoys facilities over any other Southern 
city in the quality, skill, reliability and character of the labor 
adapted to the wood-working industry. The city thus has every 
advantage — a good lumber market, reliable labor, the experience 
and energy as well as the capital which is identified with this 
branch, rail and river competition, the most improved methods 
used in manufacture and a reputation for a high quality of 
product. 



s> 



25 



WE TEXTILE INTERESTS. 



THE best argument that Chattanooga is a desirable point for 
textile industries is the fact that there are numbers of 
cotton, woolen and knitting mills in and around Chatta- 
nooga that have done and are now doing a profitable business. 
Some have had phenomenal success and none have shut down on 
account of trade depresion or low prices. It is reported that one 
mill in the immediate vicinity of Chattanooga has realized an an- 
nual dividend in excess of 25 per cent, in the most depressed 
times. This county now has one knitting and one woolen mill 
and there a is company formed to build a yarn mill. 

Very few points in the South have better advantages for cot- 
ton manufacturing ; the climate is favorable, being neither hot 
nor cold and the atmosphere is humid enough to admit of spin- 
ning fine yarns. The winters are short, thereby saving consider- 
able in fuel for heating purposes. The average temperature, ac- 
cording to the United States Weather Bureau, for the last seven- 
teen years is between 00° and 61° ; during the month of January 
in that period it averaged between 37° and 50°; during February 
between 40° and 50° ; during March between 47° and 53° ; during 
Apiil between 57° and 02°; during May between 66° and 72° ; 
during .June between 74° and 77° ; during July between 75° and 
79° ; during August between 75° and 70° ; during September be- 
tween 08° and 73° ; during October between 60° and 66° ; during 
November between 47° and 52° ; during December between 39° 
and 43°. The annual mean dew point in these seventeen years 
ranged from 48° to 50°. The annual average relative humidity 
during that period was in the neighborhood of 74°, going as high 
in 1893 as 81° for the year. 

The proximity to raw material is another great advantage 
Fur a number of years from twenty to forty thousand bales have 
been handled annually by cotton merchants in this city ; twelve 



thousand bales could be purchased annually directly from wagons 
delivering in this city, three thousand bales from an adjacent 
county, forty thousand bales in contiguous territory along the 
We tern & Atlantic Railway, fifty thousand bales on other lines 
in a territory within seventy-live miles of this city ; about one 
hundred thousand bales are available by the Tennessee river be- 
tween Chattanooga and the mouth of the stream. The Bender or 
long staple cotton can easily be transported from the Mississippi 
Valley to this city at low rates, by rail or water, boats being en- 
abled to deliver cargoes of lumber and cereals from this section 
and return laden with cotton. 

The cotton in the territory contiguous to Chattanooga ranges 
from middling to strictly good middling in the Georgia section ; 
in North Alabama, from ordinary to middling; the celebrated 
Coosa long staple is within fifty miles of this city. A fine grade 
of cotton is raised between Bridgeport and Decatur, Alabama, 
and is brought to Chattanooga by boat. Seven lines of railroads 
which radiate from this city run through the cotton country 
nearly their entire length, and hence afford ample facilities for all 
supplies. 

The fuel question enters largely into the manufacture of cot- 
ton and an excellent quality of steam coal can be bought at from 
75c to $1.00 per ton. 

There is a surplus of white labor in this immediate section, 
living in and around Chattanooga, and while most of it is un- 
skilled, it is characterized by cheerfulness, industry, appreciation 
and quickness to learn. Strikes are unknown, and there has been 
no unfriendly legislation as to the employment of children. All the 
cotton and woolen mills in this locality are operated exclusively 
by native help, and as evidence of its abundance, one textile man- 
ufacturer in Chattanooga states that within five months he had 



26 



The Textile 
over twelve hundred applicants by actual count, for employment, 
by girls ranging from twelve years of age upwards, and he says 
the native help he has employed is very active and apt at acquir- 
ing the work. Their pay ranges from $1.50 to $4.50 per week, 
averaging between $2.50 ond $3.50 per week. 

Building material in this section is very cheap. A good 
quality of brick work can be contracted at from $6.00 to $7.00 per 
thousand in the wall, and lumber of the very best quality is 
worth'from $10.00 to,$15.00_a thousand. 



Interests. 

With the competitive transportation facilities^and abundance 
of raw material and the other advantages, but few localities in this 
country have equal facilities for textile manufacturing and this 
industry in the near future will become of very great importance 
in Chattanooga, It is a noteworthy fact that two of the largest 
mills that have been transferred from New England to the South- 
ern states, involving an expenditure of nearly two million dollars, 
have been located within seventy-five miles of Chattanooga. 



BANKS AND BANKING. 



THERE are seven banks doing business at Chattanooga 
with an aggregate capital and surplus of $1,567,000, with 
total deposits averaging during April, 1S97, $3,150,000. 
The average bank deposits have increased in the past three years, 
in the consolidated banks, an average of $900,000. 

The Chattanooga banks during the depressing period of the 
past three years have been conservatively managed and have 
maintained an unimpaired credit, steadily increasing their surplus 
and net profits with a continual increase in deposits. 

The following is a list of the banks now doing business in the 
city : 

The First National. 



The Third National. 

The Chattanooga National. 

The Citizens' Bank and Trust Company. 

The Chattanooga Savings Bank. 

The Bank of Chattanooga. 

The South Chattanooga Savings Bank. 

The First National Bank of Chattanooga is one hundred and 
fourth in the list of National banks of the United States, rated ac- 
cording to the excess of surplus and undivided profits overcapi- 
tal, and carries a line of deposits averaging about one and a 
quarter million of dollars. The other banks are strong, with in- 
creasing business, under most excellent management. 



•17 



GRAIVi zA^D MILLING. 



eHATTANOOCrA, by reason of its geographical situation, 
is the natural market for an immense agricultural area 
lying along the Tennessee river in the states of Tennessee 
anil Alabama, as well as the country adjacent to the numerous 
I ail way lines running west and east. The river bottom lands 
along the Tennessee are especially adapted to the growth of corn, 
in fact, this section produces that cereal in its most perfect state. 
It is of the soft variety and makes a very nutritious bread, and its 
good qualities in that respect are well recognized facts through- 
out the South where our markets are found. It also possesses 
peculiar merits as a food for fattening hogs, and Tennessee raised 
bacon once enjoyed an almost national reputation, the grain im- 
parting a peculiar sweetness to the meat, not found in the Western 
raised animal. 

The amount of corn shipped into Chattanooga by river is 
not far from seven hundred thousand bushels annually, and fully 
as much if not more finds its way here by rail. Fifty per cent. 
of this corn is manufactured into meal and grits by our local 
mills, and the balance is shipped south by our grain dealers. The 
average value per bushel for the past season has been about 33 
cents. 

Chattanooga has three large roller flouring mills, with the 
most modern equipments, whose daily capacity is in the neigh- 
borhood of twelve hundred barrels per day, and being a recog- 
nized milling center, is one of the largest wheat markets south of 
the < >hio river, the daily receips aggregating six thousand bushels, 



or nearly two million bushels annually. Nearly all of this wheat 
is manufactured into flour by local mills. This large consump- 
tion and a ready cash market have stimulated the farmers of this 
section to renewed interest in wheat raising and they are increas- 
ing the'r areas, and selecting the best varieties for sowing, and 
caring for the crop after harvesting. Tennessee furnishes a goodly 
amount of this supply, and the berry is of good quality, well 
adapted for flour purposes and is appreciated by our millers. The 
value of wheat for the past season has averaged about 70 cents 
per bushel. 

About one hundred and fifty thousand bushels of oats are 
annually marketed here, and while the oat is a cold climate 
cereal, our soil seems well adapted to its growth. 

About one hundred thousand bales of millet, red top, timothy, 
clover and other varieties of hay are sold in our local markets per 
annum. Perhaps forty thousand bales of this quantity are home 
raised and command fair prices. The average price of hay for the 
past season has been about $13.00 per ton. 

As the population of the city and surrounding country in- 
creases there will be a greater demand for grain products, and 
Chattanooga will become a distributing center for a much wider 
area of country. 

Our farmers are progressive and thrifty and have displayed 
much energy in bettering their condition. This result is mani- 
festing itself in the purchase of improved farming implements, 
as the agricultural houses of this city can testify. 



28 



LABOR A^D WAGES. 



THE laboring classes in Chattanooga as a rule enjoy a high 
order of intelligence. Very many of them own their own 
homes, and their social, intellectual and physical con- 
dition is very gratifying. A considerable percentage of them are 
substantial, influential citizens, some occupying positions of high 
re sponsibility and trust. 

Notwithstanding the industrial and financial depression 
which existed all over the country in the past four years the 
manufacturing institutions at Chattanooga kept steadily at work 
and the condition of the laboring classes was well maintained. 
Skilled labor receives good wages at Chattanooga and common 
labor is low, owing to the large element of colored labor. The 
cost of living is the main factor in fixing wage earnings and ex- 
perienced and conservative workingmen, who have been employed 
both North and South, state that wages of $2 per day at Chatta- 
nooga, with the low cost of living, are equivalent to $2.50 to $2.75 
per day in the North, where the winters are long and food prod- 
ucts and rents are high. 

Some of the largest manufacturers in Chattanooga today 
came here as workingmen, without a dollar of capital, and by 
frugality, industry and perseverance are now at the head of large 
and prosperous manufacturing institutions. A considerable per- 
centage of the older settlers among the mechanics own their own 
homes, and numbers have saved considerable money. The differ- 
ent trade unions are well organized, but they have at all times 
kept conservative and prudent officers at the head of the organ- 
izations, and there has been very little friction with their em- 
ployers. No serious strikes or lockouts have ever occurred in 
Chattanooga, and as a rule all differences have been amicably ad- 
justed by arbitration ; never in the history of the city has there 
been- either riot or violence. The relation between labor and 



capital at Chattanooga has always been more friendly than is 

usually found in this country, hugely due to the cosmopolitan 

character of the community. 

The secret societies are largely made up of the wage earners 

and they are conspicuous in all benevolent and charitable work. 
Waces. — Common labor ranges from 80 cents to SI ami S] ,25 

per day. The following is a fair estimate of the prices paid 

skilled labor : 

Blacksmiths, railroad and machine $2.50 per da; 

Blacksmiths, horse shoers 1.75 ' 

Brickmasons 2.50 to 3.00 " " 

Machinists 2.50 " " 

Carpenters 1.75 " ,: 

Painters 1.50 to 2.25 " " 

Tinsmiths 1.50 to 2.50 " " 

Moulders 2.00 to 2.50 " " 

Stonecutters 3.00 to 3.50 " " 

Typesetters 2.50 to 3.00 " " 

Type machine men 3.00 to 3.50 " " 

Pressmen 3.00 ' 

Boiler makers 2.50 ' 

Motormen and street car conductors 1.50 ' 

Machine wood workers 1.50 to 2.25 " " 

Cost of Living. — As rents are low and fuel is cheap and the 

climate equable, the cost of living is very low. The billowing 

prices will convey some general idea : 

Flour $4.50 per barrel 

Beef 9 to 10 cents per pound 

Bulk meats 6 \ to 8 cents per pound 

Bacon 9-! to 10 cents per pound 

Hams 11 to 12 cents per pound 

Butter 18 to 25 cents per pound 

Eggs 8 to 10 cents per dozen 

House rent in good location : Six rooms, $8 to $10 per month ; 

four rooms, $6 to $8 per month ; fair location : Six rooms, $(i to 

$8 per month; suburbs, with good street ear service: Four to 

eight room house. $6 to $15 per month. 



29 




THE BOULEVARD. MISSIONARY RILx,L. 
The United States Government has built a boulevard from the National Park at Chickamauga along the crest of Missionary Ridge, extending 8Ji miles 



trated is immediately east of Chattanooga, about 2)4 miles distant. Along the boulevard are many state monuments and observation* towers. The tower 
in the background marks the point where Gen. Bragg viewed the battle of Missionary Ridge. 



The pi»int illus- 



%AILROADS. 



- <HATTANOOGA is a great railrond center by virtue of its 
geographical and physical situation. Railroads gravitate 
to Chattanooga just as business gravitates to such points 
as is best adapted to its successful prosecution, and though this 
city is the converging point for eleven lines of railroad, not a dol- 
lar, with but one exception, has been given by Chattanooga to in- 
lluence their coming. 

The railroads radiate from Chattanooga like the spokes of a 
wheel, and ihe title, " Hub," can be with literal truth applied to 
this city. Take the city as the center, and imagine the radiation 
of the spokes. Extending due northeast is the great Southern 
Railway system from Chattanooga to Washington via Asbeville 
and Salisbury, or via Morristown, Bristol and Roanoke. Extend- 
ing north is the Cincinnati Southern Railway from Chattanooga 
due north to Cincinnati ; northwest the Nashville, Chattanooga & 
St. Louis Railway, from Chattanooga to Nashville and the north- 
west; west the Memphis & Charleston, from Chattanooga to Mem- 
phis and the west; southwest the Alabama Great Southern, from 
Chattanooga to Birmingham, Meridian and New Orleans; south- 
east the Chattanooga Southern Railroad from Chattanooga to 
Gadsden, Alabama, and with early prospects of being extended 
due south ; south, the Chattanooga, Rome & Columbus from Chat- 
tanooga to Rome, Carrolton, Georgia, count cling with the Phut 
System ; southeast, the Georgia Division of the Southern Railway 
from Chattanooga to Dalton, Rome, Atlanta and the coast; south, 
the Western & Atlantic from Chattanooga to Atlanta ; the Chatta- 
nooga & Lookout Mountain Railway from Chattanooga to Look- 
out Mountain. 

The city is girdled entirely by the Belt Railroad, which con- 
nects with all the main lines and all the leading industries. It 
will be noticed that these eleven railroads arc parts of six sepa- 



rate and independent systems. The sharpest competition exists 
between rival systems, North, East, West and South, and in addi- 
tion the river enters as a most important competetive factor. The 
consequence is, that freight rates cannot be maintained at exor- 
bitant figures. Even roads foreign to Chattanooga, and only re- 
motely interested in her traffic, have representatives here, and this 
general competition is the safeguard that forever precludes dis- 
criminating rates. 

Chattanooga lies within one night's ride of every river cross- 
ing from Cincinnati, Ohio, to New Orleans, La., and within a- 
easy reach of all South Atlantic ports, thus it is inseparably 
linked with the greatest producing territory of the North and 
N< rthwest, West, Southwest, and the great exporting harbors of 
the South Atlantic Ocean. 

Freights and passengers are accommodated by ample wan- 
house facilities, and two large passenger depots, fitted up with all 
modern comforts and conveniences. There is no convenience 

shippers or travelers may desire that is not supplied. Tl tgh 

freights may be sent to any point in the United States; through 
tickets to any point the traveler would go to are kept on sale, and 
these may be supplemented in the city with tickets on any of tin- 
Trans-Atlantic steamers. 

Chattanooga is the headquarters of the Chattanooga Southern 
Railroad, and the division headquarters of the great Southern 
Railway system. In this connection it also might be proper to 
state that Chattanooga is the headquarters of the Southern Ex- 
press Company, where they have erected a very commodious 
structure, giving employment to over one hundred and fifty officers 
and clerks in the auditing and traffic departments. 

Fifty-two passenger trains arrive and depart daily from the 
city, and an average of about eighty freight sections leave the city 
daily. 




A VIEW OF CHATTANOOGA. 
Taken from Brabson Hill, in the northern portion of the city, looking southwest, with Lookout Mountain in the background. 



MERCANTILE INTERESTS. 



THERE are eight hundred and ten firms and industries do- 
ing business in Chattanooga in mercantile and industrial 
lines. The jobbing business of the city, with some addi- 
tional capital, could be very greatly extended. The wholesale 
grocery business is represented by seven houses, which are doing 
an increasing and profitable business, over a wide territory. 
There is one exclusively wholesale dry goods firm and two firms 
that do a wholesale and retail business. The boot and shoe trade 
is represented by one exclusively wholesale house, with the pros- 
pect of another's being opened in the fall ; there are, however, five 
houses doing a wholesale and retail business in this line. There 
is no exclusively wholesale clothing house in the city ; 
there are six retail houses, some of which do jobbing 
business to an extent. There are eight wholesale and 
retail hardware houses, four of which are chiefly whole- 
sale. There are three large agricultural implement 
houses doing a wholesale and retail business, besides 
two large manufacturers of agricultural implements. 
Mining, milling, furnace and railroad supplies are repre- 
sented by two houses doing an extensive wholesale busi- 
ness. Two firms represent the wholesale drug business, 
and twenty-seven firms the retail business. There are 
four wholesale and retail paint and oil firms ; two whole- 
sale and retail glass dealers; two wholesale confectioners, 
and ten wholesale tobacco and cigar firms ; three whole- 
sale and retail furniture, three wholesale liquor, four 
wholesale lumber and four wholesale oil dealers. 

There are good openings in this city for the follow- 
ing lines : wholesale jewelry house, wholesale boot and 
shoe house, wholesale hat and caps, wholesale clothing 
and wholesale crockery and queensware houses. The 



wholesale business is susceptible of very great extension. The 
retail business is well covered in all the various lines. There is a 
great diversity of manufactures, as appears elsewhere in the table 
devoted to that subject, but there are openings for various lines of 
manufacture, in which there is almost a certainty [of large profits 
if the business be conservatively managed. Among the manu- 
factures for which the ( ity has special facilities, are the following : 
All kinds of handles, carpets, woodmantels, boots and shoes, water- 
closet and bath-room supplies, baby carriages, small iron pipe, 
wooden and willow-ware goods, pulleys, chairs, cotton goods, white 
lead, hoes and tools, textile machinery, typewriters and supplies, 
glass bottles, builder's hardware, merchant and bar iron and nails. 




Lookout Mountain, from tin- bank <>t the Tennessee river, near Chattanooga. 
33 



CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. 



THE subject of climate is of transcendent importance and 
nothing bears a greater influence in the diversified and 
complex relation of man considered either from a polit- 
ical, physical, social, moral or industral standpoint. 

The climate of Chattanooga is salubrious, healthful and in- 
vigorating. The city is so completely encircled by high hills and 
mountain ranges that destructive winds have no scope for devasta- 
tion. A study of the tabular statement of the climatic conditions 
as compiled by the United States Weather Bureau at Chattanooga, 
shows a condition of equable salubrity to be found at very few 
localities. Killing frosts rarely occur later than March or earlier 
than late in October and the seasons show no extremes of either 
heat or cold. The average temperature for spring in the last fif- 
teen years has been 60°; for summer, 76°; for autumn, 61°, and 
for winter, 44° ; and the average mean temperature of this city for 
the past eighteen years is 60°. 

The rainfall as is shown by the statistical tables is evenly Jis- 
tributed , and there is no excessive downpour at any period of the 
year, nor are there any prolonged drouths. A study of the tables 
shows an ideal climatic condition. As illustrative of the balmy 
weather enjoyed by this locality, a study of the clear and fair 
days during each season is of interest. In the past fifteen years 
the average number of sunshiny days in winter is 53, cloudy 
days, 37 ; in spring, sunshiny days 67, cloudy days 35 ; in sum- 
mer, sunshiny days 82, cloudy days 20; in autumn, sunshiny 
days 68, cloudy days 23. 

The average direction of the winds is as follows: January 
northeast, February south, March northwest, April south, May 
south, June southwest, July southwest, August northeast, Septem- 
ber northeast, October northeast, November south, December 
northwest. 



The following table shows the weather for each month for the 
years named, giving the temperature, the rainfall and relative 
humidity : 



MEAN TEMPERATURE. 



YEAR. JAN. FEB. MCH. APL. 

1879 4S.4...40.4...54.6...5S.2.. 

1880 52.2...48.2...53 8.. .62 2. 

1885 38 4. ..38.4... 45.7. ..60.9. 

1890 50 4 54.0...4S8...62 4. 

1893 Sis... 16.2 50.6. ..63 8. 

18 '4 .... 45.6.. .43.6. ..55.6.. .61 6. 

1895 37 9...38 8...49.8...60.0. 

1896 416...43 7...48.1...6i.0. 

Average 18 years 



MAY. 


JUN 


..70.4. 


.74.9. 


..71 4. 


.76 


..66 6, 


76.7 


..68.0. 


.78 9 


..66 8. 


.74.6 


..67.7. 


.75.7 


..65 4. 


.75.9 


..74.0. 


.75.0 



JUL. AUG- SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC. 

.81. 1...73.S... 68.1. ..67.2.. .52.9. ..49.8. 
.77 8...78 0... 68.4. ..60 2...45 4...38.1. 
.79.3...77.6...70 4...56.5...49.1...11 6. 
.78.8...75.0...71.5...59.5...558...44.8. 
.80.5. ..77.0.. .71 6. .60 2.. .50.6 ..44 5. 
.76.6. ..77 6... 73 8. ..61 7. ..47 6.. .44 6 
.76 2...77.4...75.3...57 2...51.5...42.6. 
.78.5...80 4...73.1...60.3...512...43.7. 



AN-L 

.61.4 
..610 
..58.4 
..62.3 
..60 
. 61.0 
..58 6 
..61.5 

. 59 8 



TOTAL RAINFALL. 

YEAR. JAN. FEB MCH. APR MAY. JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC. AN'L 

1879 8.48...5.85...3.27...3.02...1 51...1 69.. .5.17.. .4. 78.. .2 51...4 36.. .2 89...8 47..52 03 

1880 4.84. ..2 75..12.16..10.37...6 21. ..2 37...5.13...3 33...5.20...1 ,69...8 82.. .5 46..67 97 

1885 8 49. ..3.50 1.79. ..1.60... 5.12.. .6 09.. .4.86. ..4 I 6.. .6.48. ..5 03...6 18...3 41.56.61 

1-90 4.68...7.S5...4.78...3 94...3.95...3.12...4 43 . 5 15...7.10...4.13...0.16...3 13..52.42 

1893 2.39...8.02...2.55 ..5.88...8.a5...6.31...1 24...4 18.. .2 19. ..0 98...1.91...3.46..47 46 

1894 4.63. ..5 22. ..4.61. ..2 00.. .1 53 ...1.77. ..3.66.. .2 96... 1.67... 2.18. ..0 54...6.45..37.J2 

1895 6 58...2.14...5.86...3.6I...3 52...5 69...6.71...4 40...100...2.00...1 71...3.11..46.36 

1896 2 90...4.84...3 21...3 31. ..3 76. ..2 64...5.80...1.90...2.01...1.06...5.51...0.83 37.77 

.54.97 











RELATIVE HUMIDITY 












YEAR. 


JAN. 


FEB 


MCH. 


APR MAY. JUN. JUL. AUG. 


SEP. 


OCT. 


NOV. 


OEC. 


AN'L 


1879 ... 


...78. 


.64 


. 61.. 


...56 60... 61 65 77... 


..71.. 


....75.. 


...68.. 


...77.. 


...68 


1880 ... 


...75. 


...62.. 


...67.. 


...61 70... 69 73 77.... 


..78.. 


...75 . 


...68.. 


...73 . 


.. 71 


18S5.... 


73 


,.7S.. 


66 


...68 74 77 . 80 81.... 


81 


...77.. 


...72.. 


..67 


74 


1890.... 


...81.. 


79 


69 


...66 72 71 77 79.... 


88 


80 


...72.. 


73 


76 


1893 ... 


89 


92 


79 


...79 86 90 72 75.... 


..76.. 


...78.. 


...74.. 


77. 


..81 


1894.... 


78 


..72.. 
63 


...64.. 
67 . 


...57 72 ...64 70. ...76.... 

.. 64 74 70 78 82.... 


.76.. 

..77 


...63.. 
.64.. 


...65.. 
...71.. 


...74.. 
...75 . 


69 


1895.... 


75 


7? 


1896.... 
Av 


...74.. 
eraet 


.64.. 

18 v 


...'5.. 


...62 . 70 72 80 70.... 


..65.. 


...69.. 


...76.. 


...70.. 


...70 
., 72 



34 



The mean dew point for the past eighteen years was 19.5. 



HEALTH A&{D MORTALITY. 



PERHAPS the most pleasant chapter with relation to Chat- 
tanooga, is its wonderful health record, the most emphatic 
confirmation of which is the official statement of the 
Board of Health, showing a death rate of 12.52 per thousand 
per annum, for all colors, while the average death rate of American 
cities approximates 20 per thousand per annum. 

Chattanooga is a city of hills, the highest about three hundred 
feet ; the height above sea level is consequently variable, ranging 
from six hundred and seventy-five to eight hundred feet. The 
soil is red clay, principally ; in the hills are found blue and white 
clay, with a drift gravel, iron ore, shale, flint gravel and veins of 
an inferior grade of bituminous coal. Limestone is abundant. 

The Tennessee river is the principal source of the water sup- 
ply. While in the rainy season the water is often muddy, it is 
pure from a sanitary standpoint. The river contains on an aver- 
age about 6.1 grains of solid matter to the imperial gallon, of 
which 1.17 grain is organic matter and 4.93 inorganic. Analysis 
shows the inorganic matter to be as follows : 

Silica, insoluble 0.562 grains 

Silica, soluble 0.141 " 

Iron oxide 0.285 " 

Alumina trace 

Calcium carbonate 3.367 " 

Magnesium carbonate 0.356 " 

Alkalis.. 0.216 " 

Sulphuric acid and chlorine, each trace 



Total 4.927 grains 

The health of the city is phenomenal and the cause is appar- 
ent. The tripod of health is pure air, pure water and pure food ; 
of the first and second Chattanooga has an ample supply and is 
better provided with the third than most other cities North and 
South. The sewerage system of the city is very complete and the 



streets are well paved. The city is kept clean, no stagnant pools 
or other foul conditions exist within the corporate limits. Nature 
has furnished a perfect drainage, and efficient sanitary laws re- 
move any deficiencies that might otherwise remain. It is exceed- 
ingly uncommon'for infectious diseases to assume the proportions 
of an epidemic here, so unfavorable is the environment for the de- 
velopment and propagation of disease germs. The fact that con- 
tagion has been brought into the city from other places where it 
prevailed was hardly to be avoided by a city so exposed by rail- 
roads, but the specific germ so imported has always found here a 
sterile soil and thus died out without multiplication as often as it 
came. Typhoid fever has never been prevalent since the prohibi- 
tion of shallow wells and springs, and its occurrence is very rare, 
with no tendency to spread. The number of malarial diseases, 
never very large, has diminished rapidly with better drainage, im- 
proved pavements and the covering up of low, moist places of the 
city with good houses. In fact there are now no local conditions 
at Chattanooga for the production of any special class of disease. 
Every winter scores of persons suffering from pulmonary affections 
come here from colder and more fitful climates of the West and 
East to spend the season, and in the majority of cases "wonderful 
improvement has resulted. 

A prominent physician who came to the city from his home 
in Massachusetts, because of his lung troubles, speaks as follows of 
his experiences here : 

" Who among us is not mindful of the rich delights of our 
usual March climate? March! that month of terror in other 
latitudes, brings us the blossoms of spring in rich profusion, the 
working days in our gardens and flower beds, and gives us a noon- 
day warmth of 80°, while the coolness of night rarely causes the 
mercury to fall to 40°. April follows with its luxuriant wealth of 



35 



Health and 

(lowers in field, forest and lawn ; the rich and varied verdure of 
the mountain slopes; the grand picnic days; the profusion of 
blossoming laurel and azalea ; the time when we feel most the ex- 
hilaration cf a tonic atmosphere, and youth comes again to age. 
And then follows May. Beautiful ! beautiful ! gloriouo May ! 
Who can describe an East Tennessee May in any other way than 
by exclamations? Mayflowers! No indeed ! We squander those 
in March. We hurry past our roses of the commoner sorts in 
April and come into the realization of the complete bliss of living 
in the real native land of the continual blossoming rose, in the 
early day of May, when the black boys peddle young mocking- 
birds through the streets, and the luscious red strawberries come, so 
sweet, so plenty and so welcome. And then comes June. Young 
summer, older than May, wiser, larger, fuller, and bringing the 
first harvests of ripened grain ; holding in its provident lap the 
most liberal bestowals of the Almighty in reward for the labor of 
man, with a great bonus of earth's spontaneous fruits! And there 
are no hot days yet. No sweltering nights. Can a better summer 
resort be pictured? If consumptives want altitude and mild 
climate together, and upon that all authorities agree, it is to be 
found here. These mountains are so common to us, who use them 
for daily, weekly and monthly convenience in the summer days, a 
sleeping place away from the dust and mosquitoes, as well as cooler 
home quarters, that we have no just appreciation of them. But 
the mountains of East Tennessee are destined to occupy a high place 
in the public estimation, in future, as a living place for invalids." 

Another leading physician says: "I know that I have seen 
consumptives carried up the mountain and ridges about Chatta- 
nooga, apparently in the last stages of phthisis, coughing inces- 
santly, and yet live for months, slowly improving every day until 
thinking they were nearly well, they left the mountains, went back 
to the Northern climate, and in a few weeks the inevitable oc- 



Mortality. 

eurred. 1 have visited nearly every house on Walden's Ridge 
(within ninety minutes' drive of Chattanooga), every cabin and hut, 
and have rarely seen a native with any lung trouble whatever." 

The top of Lookout Mountain is accessible by rail in forty 
minutes from the city, by various lines. The top of Walden's 
Ridge can be reached in ninety minutes, the top of Missionary 
Ridge in thirty minutes and all these elevations are delightful re- 
sorts in summer, delightfully bracing and exhilarating through the 
nights of July and August and beneficial the year round to invalids. 

The valleys about Chattanooga and the mountains are splen- 
didly watered. The springs furnish every variety of chalybeate 
and freestone water. The following is an analysis of one of the 
popular sulphur springs lying within thirty minutes' drive of the 
city and other springs of equal value are found throughout the 
neighborhood. One gallon contains : 

Sodium Carbonate 2.791 grains 

Magnesium 2.142 " 

Ferritin 179 " 

Potassium 1.203 " 

Calcium 3.060 " 

Ferrous Sulphate 004 " 

Sodium Chloride 048 " 

Magnesium Chloride 4.632 " 

" Iodide 005 " 

Bromide 003 " 

Potassium Sulphate 4.062 " 

Magnesium " 504 " 

Sodium " 2.086 " 

Magnesium Phosphate 060 " 

Calcium _ " 223 " 

Arsenious Acid 007 " 

Silica and Alumina 3.242 " 

Organic Matter 427 " 

Loss by Weight 396 " 

Total 25.134 



36 



Health and 
The late Dr. J. E. Reeves, former president of the American 
Public Health Association, who resided at Chattanooga during the 
last ten years of his life, wrote as follows, in a signed article dated 
Sept. 18, 1895: "Probably there are but few American cities that 
can boast of a better water supply, both as to quantity and quali- 
ty, than is afforded the people of Chattanooga from the Tennessee 
river. - * Strikingly in contrast with experiences of other cities 
north, east, west and south, is the infrequency in Chattanooga of 
scarlet fever, diptheria and typhoid fever. * * " 

The death rate has shown a marked decline within the past 
twelve years, demonstrating the result of wise sanitary laws and 
judicious sanitary drainage. The death rate at Chattanooga 
would be very much smaller if it were not for the large colored 
population, whose manner of living causes a large mortality, 
through their disregard of the ordinary laws of health. The 
death rate for whites in 1896' was 9.25 per thousand per an- 
num, and is probably as small as any urban population in this 
country. The mortality statistics for both colored and white, are 
as follows : 



Mortality. 





Population. 


Number of 
deaths. 


Eate per 1,000. 


Year. 


IS 

2 


o 

o 


"as 
O 


0) 

s 
±_ 

248 
312 
354 

::j:> 
238 
304 
J89 
220 
220 

19,-. 

198 

l'/.i 


•a 

o 
o 
O 

280 
358 
438 
352 
313 
370 
401 
341 
316 
263 
237 

•>ns 


3 

o 

H 

5'S 
ci7U 
792 
677 
551 
674 
690 
561 
536 

l.'iS 

4,:. 
407 


0> 


■a 

0) 

o 


'S 
o 
H 


1885 


16.200 
17,000 

17,800 
18,600 

19 400 
19. HP 
19,600 
19,800 

'JO 'Jill I 

J 

21000 
21 .500 


8H0 
8500 
s,:kiii 
9 300 
9,700 
9 700 
9 800 
9,900 
10 20U 
10 500 
10,700 
11000 


24,300 
25,500 
26,700 
27,900 
29 100 
29.100 
29 400 
29,700 
30,400 
:;l mil 
31.700 
32,500 


15 31 
18.31 

19 ss 

17.42 

12.26 
15.67 
14.74 
11 11 
10.39 
9 46 
9 43 
9.25 


34.57 
42.12 
49.21 
37.85 
32.26 
38 1 1 
1(1 91 
II 
3D 'is 
25.04 
22.15 
18.91 




1886 


26 27 


1887 

1888 


29.66 
24 26 


1889 


18.93 


1890 


23 16 


1891.... 


23 13 


1892 




1893 


17 63 


is:m 


14.72 


1898 

1896 


13 72 
12 52 














37 



A Monument erected in the National Military Park. 



SCHOOLS OF THE CITY AD^D COUNTY. 



CHATTANOOGA and Hamilton County have much to 
pride themselves on in their public school system as well 
as in their colleges and seminaries. The Chattanooga 
public schools are thoroughly organized and intelligently con- 
ducted in accordance with the methods declared to be the best by 
the wise educators of the day. The Chattanooga system of public 
schools has received flattering reference by educators from schools 
even outside of Tennessee. 

But few cities enroll in their public schools such a large per 
centage of the scholastic census; 70 per cent, of the children of 
Chattanooga between the ages of six and twenty-one years were 
enrolled in the public schools last year. Few cities provide such 
ample accommodations for the school children ; the average num- 
ber of pupils admitted to one room is forty, yet no child is ex- 
cluded on account of inadequate seating capacity. There are 
now in the city five school buildings, representing an investment 
of nearly $175,000. In the construction of school buildings the 
city has made liberal appropriations. Two buildings known as 
the Second and Third District schools were completed a few years 
ago at a cost of nearly $100,000. Two others, known as the East 
Eighth and Montgomery avenue schools, built solely for colored 
children, are expensive and modern buildings. The First District 
school is also a substantial building. All the school buildings are 
brick structures, with modern improvements, and testify to the 
high estimate placed upon the public schools by the citizens of 
the city. The city now owns some valuable school property in 
the eastern limits, where a grammar school is to be built; the 
municipal authorities are at present negotiating for the purchase 
of a high school lot, where a very handsome high school building 
to cost about $50,000 will be erected. 

The following is the eniollment at the public schools : 



White (male) 1,318 

White (female) 1,371 

Total, white —2,689 

Colored (male) 822 

Colored (female) 993 

Total, colored. —1,815 

Grand total 4,504 

The appropriation during the jear 1896-7 for public schools 
was in round numbers $40,000, of which $37,981 went to salaries. 
The scholastic population of the city for 1896-7 is as follows : 

White (male) 2,076 

White (female) 2,156 

Total, white —4,232 

Colored, (male) 1,828 

Colored (female) 2,074 

Total, colored —3,902 

Grand total 8,134 

Eighty-three teachers were employed, fifty-three white and 
thirty colored. There were forty-nine graduates in 1896, and 
sixty full graduates in 1897 ; the system is a graded school system, 
with eight grammar schools and four years course in the high 
school. 

County Schools — The free schools in the county are greatly 
above the average in the country districts in the Southern states. 
Hamilton county was the first to introduce the system of gradua- 
tion in the district public schools, which finally became a state 
law. There is a complete course of study in all the schools of the 
county, with a uniform system of text books. Over 79 percent. 
of the teachers in the country schools remain more than one year. 
All the schools are equipped with patent seats. The average 
term is over six months and the average salary paid teachers is 
over $40. 



38 



Schools of the 
The total scholastic population outside of the city is 10,596, 
of which 8,225 are white, 4,255 male and 3,070 female; 2,371 col- 
ored, 1,166 male and 1,205 female. The total while enrollment 
and attendance was 5,200; colored, 1,505. The daily white at- 
tendance was 2,837 ; colored, 839. This year forty-five pupils 
graduated from the eighth grade. There are fifty-six whi'e 
schools, twenty-three colored; ninety white teachers, thirty-two 
colored; sixty-nine school houses. The valuation of free school 
property outside of the city is $75,000. The total amount ex- 
pended during the year ending July 1st, 1896, was $88,294. 

Chattanooga Medical College. — The Chattanooga Medi- 
cal College is one of the leading institutions of the city, having 
just closed its eighth year. Its faculty comprises all the most 
prominent members of the local medical fraternity. Last year 
the school secured possession of the large buildings of the Grant 
university, which are the handsomest and most commodious of 
any occupied for medical teaching in the South, and compare 
favorably with other medical colleges anywhere in the United 
States. Its average annual enrollment shows a total of about 125 
names, from numerous states. In the session of 1896-7 it matric- 
ulated one hundred and thirty-one students, with a graduating 
class of thirty-four, and it is thought that the next term will show 
a considerable increase in matriculants and also an extension of 
the buildings. The regular teaching corps consists of twenty-nine 
instructors, covering every customary branch taught in medical 
colleges. 

Chattanooga Normal University. — The Chattanooga 
Normal University was organized in the fall of 1896. A very 
handsome college building, costing nearly $20,000, was erected on 
a commanding site opposite the city, with large and extensive 



City and County. 

grounds and commodious dormitories and out-buildings. The 
school at this time has been open four months, and already has 
one hundred and thirty pupils enrolled and is rapidly increasing 
the enrollment. It is thought that the next term will show an 
enrollment of 250, and the end of the first year, perhaps 500. 
The school is making very rapid progress, and is one of the most 
complete normal universities in the Southern states. There are 
numerous attendants already from outside states and the character 
and popularity of the school are becoming generally recognized. 

Other Schools and Seminaries. — The Methodist Episco- 
pal church owns very valuable school property in the heart of the 
city and has expended nearly $150,000 in establishing the Grant 
University. It is expected that considerable additions will be 
made to this university and the theological department will be 
very largely extended. The buildings and grounds are extensive 
and valuable. 

Among the seminaries in the city are the following: 

Baylor's University school, a preparatory school for boys for 
the university course, with a large attendance from outside states. 

The Chattanooga College, a high class girls' seminary. 

Prof. Hickman's private seminary. 

The Lutheran private seminary. 

The Chattanooga seminary, besides two public kindergartens, 
the private kindergartens, two extensive commercial and business 
colleges and several night schools. 

Also the Catholic academy and parochial school combined, in 
the charge of the Sisters of St. Dominic, which annually enrolls 
several hundred pupils of the Catholic faith and other denomina- 
tions. 



39 




u 



E 

r 




u 



e 
u 



THE CHURCHES. 



II HEALTHY moral tone pervades this community, as is 
Igjl 1 evidenced by the large number of church organizations 
1_ \_ and the magnificence of the church edifices. The aggre- 
gate number of church organizations in the city is about one 
hundred and the relative strength of the different denominations, 
white and colored represented, is as follows: 

Churches. Property Seating Mem- 

variation, capacity. bership. 

Presbyterian $100,000 2,500 1,200 

Methodist Episcopal 95,000 2,300 1,100 

Baptists 75,000 2,600 1,200 

Methodist Episcopal, South 60,000 '-'," 1,500 

Jewish Congregation 10,000 350 75 

Christian 30,000 600 350 

Unitarian 20,000 250 40 

Congregational 300 50 

Eoman Catholic "... 200,000 1,500 1,200 

Cumberland Presbyterian ... 40,000 800 400 

Protestant Episcopal 75,000 1,500 1,000 

In addition to the churches, the city maintains a flourishing 
Young Men's Christian Association, with a large membership and 
several missions in aggressive work in the down-town districts. 

Chattanooga probably has the largest church-going popula- 
tion in proportion to the whole population of any other city on 
this continent. 




COUNTY GOVERNMENT. 

THE government of the county is administered through the 
county court, composed of forty-three justices of the 
peace, the county judge as chairman of the court and 
executive officer, and the county court clerk. The county court 
holds four sessions annually, the county judge presiding. The 
quarterly court transacts the general business of the county, dele- 
gating to a poor-house commission, composed of three members, 
elected by the court, the care of the poor and infirm ; to the work- 
house commission, composed of four members, elected by the court, 
the county judge as chairman, the care, management and con- 
trol of the roads, bridges and county prisons. The orphans, both 
white and colored, are provided for by the county in orphans' 
homes for white and colored children, the maximum age for ad- 
mission being ten years. The county also makes liberal appro- 
priations for the care of the inmates, of the Mission Home and to 
the Associated Charities for the poor and temporarily distressed. 
The county hospital is under the supervision of poor commissioners. 
The total assessed valuation of all property in Hamilton 
county for the years 1895, 1896 and 1897 is, in round numbers, 
twenty million dollars, on a basis of about 40 per cent., making 
the actual valuation fifty million dollars. The tax rate in the 
years named was as follows : 1895, 95 cents on the hundred dol- 
lars; 1896, $1.20 on the hundred dollars; 1897, 95 cents on the 
hundred dollars. 

The expenses of the county for the years named were as follows: 
1894. 1895. 1S96. 

Work House $ 49,024.50 $ 27,648.32 $23,043.54 

Poor House 13,235.44 9,794.81 9,254.42 

Interest on bonds 10,000.00 10,000.00 16.875.00 

Schools (including city's prop'n) 70,000.00 70,670.98 66,972.r.7 

Roads 8,000.00 8,156.87 6,473.41 

Other expenses 102,858.58 103,467.64 94,479 06 

Total $253,118.52 $229,738.63 $217,098.10 



41 



THE CITY GOVERNMENT. 



THE municipality of Chattanooga is administered by the 
Board of Mayor and Aldermen, consisting of the Mayor 
and sixteen Aldermen, two from each ward ; the Board of 
Public Works, a body of three (appointed by the Governor), 
which has control of the streets; the Board of Police Commis- 
sioners, also a body of three (appointed by the Governor), which 
has control of the police department. All other legislative and 
executive functions are within the control of the Board of Mayor 
and Aldermen. The .Mayor is the president of the Board of 
Aldermen, appoints the standing committees and has general 
supervision of the city affairs. 

The city of Chattanooga is at present very economically gov- 
erned. Basing the population within the restricted corporate 
limits at 32,500, the net cost of conducting the city, less interest, 
during the current year will be $5.45 per capita; and including 
the annual interest charge on bonds the cost is about $8 per 
capita per annum. The average expense of American cities per 
capita, including interest charges, is in excess of $15. The fol- 
lowing table shows the aggregate city expenses in the past six 
years, including the annual interest charges of $51,873.10. 

IN'.'" '.'1 $354,237.55 

1891-92 334,953.23 

1892-03 322,435.1 1 

1893-94 275,595.48 

1894-95 282,102.84 

1895-96 ( less srhool house erected and paid for in insurance money ) 256,179.34 
The following Uble shows the actual expense of each depart- 
ment in the past year, and from this an idea is conveyed of the 
general management and expense of the city government: 

.1. (aoi 1895 96 Expenses. 

Schools $39,443.20 

Health and Hospitals 1,024.07 



General miscellany 4,520.35 

School buildings..." 1,332.65 

Board of Public Works 38,118.09 

Public buildings 4,449.20 

Police and Prisons 29,178.83 

Fire department 27,881.40 

Claims 7.638.00 

Lights 17,965.00 

Water 8,100.00 

Salaries 10,494.31 

Judgments and cost 4,324.42 

Interest 51,873.10 

Refunded licenses 415.15 

Rents 1,133.33 

The financial condition of the city at present is very healthy. 
The city has no floating debt and it has a sufficient cash balance 
in the treasury to meet all obligations during the current fiscal 
year and has no bills payable. The valuation on all property 
aggregates $12,500,000, on a basis of about 50 per cent., the actual 
value of real estate and personalty within the corporate limits 
being $25,000,000. The net bonded indebtedness of the city, less 
the sinking fund, is $860,000, all of which, except $100,000, are 
street and sewer bonds. 

Tax levy of the city in the past eight years has been as follows : 

Tax levy, 1889 $1.80 on $100 

Tax lew, 1890 1.75 on 100 

Tax lew, 1891 1.80 on 100 

Tax lev'v, 1892 1.60 on 100 

Tax levv, 1893 1.30 on 100 

Tax lew, 1894 1.30 on 100 

Tax levy, 1895 1.25 on 100 

Tax levy, 1896 1.65 on 100 

The increased levy in 1896 was in consequence of the lower 
per centage basis of valuation, but yielded the same revenue as 
the levy of 1895. The tax levy for 1897 on the 50 per cent, 
valuation will be about $1.45 on the $100. 



42 



TAKING Amp SHIVERS. 



DURING the last nine years extensive improvements on 
the business and principal residence streets of the city 
have been accomplished, and few cities of its population 
can now show greater results in this direction. The mileage of 
improved streets within the city on April 1st, 1897, is as follows : 

Sheet Asphalt Pavement 2.45 Miles. 

Block Asphalt Pavement 1.03 " 

Granite Block Pavement 2.08 " 

Vitrified Brick Pavement 3.98 

McAdam and Telford 3.46 

Gravel Roadway 3.90 " 



Total length of improved streets 16.90 Miles. 

The total cost of these street improvements has been ap- 
proximately $600,000. 

The materials used in the paving of the city's business streets 
are sheet asphalt, vitrified brick and granite blocks, and on its 
residence streets, including those thoroughfares which, by means 
of the main county roads, connect the center of the city with the 
important suburbs, the first two mentioned materials, together 
with asphalt blocks, McAdam and gravel, have been used. These 
pavements and the McAdam and gravel roadways have all been 
constructed according to modern scientific methods. The grades 
on which sheet asphalt have been laid do not, in any instance, ex- 
ceed three (3) per cent., although some of the brick pavements 
have been laid on grades of eight (8) per cent. 

In the drainage of the site occupied by the city, nature has 
done much to facilitate the work of the engineer. The Tennessee 
river, which forms both its northern and western boundaries, re- 
ceives the sewage of the city, which is the method of disposal 
adopted by all of those cities in this country which are fortunate 



enough to be located on the larger rivers. The elevation above 
low water mark of the business portions of the city ranges from 
fifty to seventy feet, while the main residence portions will aver- 
age more than one hundred feet, the summit of the highest hill 
within its limits being about three hundred and fifty feet above 
the zero of the river gauge of the United States Weather Bureau, 
which zero is in the datum or horizontal plane from which the 
elevations of the street and sewer grades are reckoned. The 
sewerage system of the city is constructed on the combined plan, 
that is, it is designed for the removal of both storm water and 
sewage. There is within the city, which contains an area of about 
four square miles, seven drainage districts, each of which has been 
provided with brick main sewers of egg-shape form, and ranging in 
size from tventy inches by thirty inches to fifty inches by seventy- 
five inches. The lateral or tributary sewers have been constructed 
of both brick and vitrified clay pipe. Other drainage districts 
remain to be laid off and provided with sewers, as building im- 
provements are extended to the outskirts, but the work yet to be 
carried out, in order to complete the sewerage of the city, is small 
when compared with what has already been accomplished in this 
direction. Therefore further outlay in the future for the exten- 
sion of the system, will necessarily be limited. The total mileage 
of sewers now in operation is as follows: 

Brick Sewers 9.00 Miles. 

Pipe Sewers 26.02 Miles. 



Total 35.02 Miles. 

The approximate cost of the sewerage system of the city has 
been $300,000. 



13 




A VIEW OF CHATTANOOGA. 
This view is taken from the dome of The Times building, down West Eighth Street. The mountains in the background are known as Raccoon mountain. 

The building on an elevation to the left is a public school building. 



%EAL ESTATE J/ALUES zA${D %ENTS. 



THE corporation limits of Chattanooga have not been extend- 
ed since the city was originally laid out, nearly fifty years 
ago, and are approximately" two miles wide and two and 
one-half miles long. The city is bounded on the north and west 
by the Tennessee river, thereby preventing extension in those di- 
rections. The lands adjacent to the corporate limits are lower, 
hence desirable property, suitable for residences in and about the 
city limits is restricted. The fact that the limits of the city are 
within the same confines that they were when it was originally in- 
corporated, has caused a large population to iocate in the suburbs, 
which lie close to the city and contain today a population almost 
equal to that within the corporation itself. Hence property that 
in Chattanooga is rated as suburban, would be classed as city 
property in other cities of its size. 

The population of Chattanooga and suburbs resides within a 
radius of two and one-half.'iniles of the court house, a territory 
embracing about fifteen square miles, which is considerably less 
than the territory embraced in the limits of most cities of the 
same rating as Chattanooga. 

Good lots on the best residence streets, -within the city limits, 
can be had at from §20.00 to $100.00 per front foot, within a max- 
imum distance of one mile of the business heart of the city. Lots 
on other streets that are less desirable can be had for much lower 
prices, and in the southern portion of the city, where the facto- 
ries and railroads are located, good lots can be purchased at 
from $6.00 to $30.00 per front foot, within one mile of the business 
center. Good suburban lots in the chief suburbs, within two and 
one-half miles of the business center of the city, and within three 
miles of the western limits of the city, can be had at from $3.00 
to $14.00 per front foot, all convenient to an electric car line, sup- 
plied with city water, etc. 



Good business property in this city is worth from $25.00 to 

1.00 per front foot, depending on the street and location, 
the extreme price prevailing within a very restricted business 
quarter, covering an average of both sides of the street of less 
than two thousand five hundred feet. 

Rents. — Dwellings of seven and eight rooms, on fifty-foot 
lots on best streets bring from $20.00 to $35.00 per month ; other 
streets in desirable portions of the city, from $15.00 to $20.00, and 
smaller houses in proportion. In the southern portion of the city 
near manufacturing plants, four or five room houses are rented at 
from $5.00 to $10.00 per month, and larger houses in proportion. 

In the best suburbs, convenient to street railway, with water 
supply five room cottages rent from $5.00 to $7.00 per mon'h, 
seven to ten room houses, from $8.00 to $12.00 per month, water 
included. 

Store Rents.— Store rooms in brick buildings rent from $5.00 
to $150.00 per month, owing altogether to location. The maxi- 
mum figure is paid in only one or two buildings in the very best 
block in the city ; other store rooms in the same block rent for 
$100.00 and less per month. Store rooms in the five central blocks 
on the chief business street, rent from $25.00 to $75.00 per month ; 
on the lateral streets, from $25.00 to $50.00 per month. 

Farm lands within ten miles of Chattanooga are held at prices 
ranging from $5.00 to $50.00 per acre, owing to location, character 
of soil, improvements, anil other advantageous conditions. 

Values of real estate and rentals are lower in Chattanooga by 
a considerable percentage than in other cities of the United States, 
of the same size, and with less promising prospects, but the most 
conservative judges are of the opinion that a steady advance in 
prices will immediately take place. There are fewer vacant resi- 
dences in the city than at any time in its history. 



45 



CHATTANOOGA'S "PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 




The Auditorium, East Ninth Street. 



eHATTANOOGA has three commercial bodies. The Cbara- 
ber of Commerce is the oldest and is one of the first reg- 
ular commercial organizations formed in the Southern 
states ; its membership exceeds two hundred and is aggressive and 
active." The Young Men's Business League was organized in 
1895 ; it has a membership of over two hundred and is very active 
in promoting the industrial and commercial interests of the city. 
The South Chattanooga Business League was organized in 1896 ; 
it has a membership of sixty-five and is devoting itself chiefly to 
the interests of that section and is succeeding well. 

The wholesale grocers, the retail grocers and commercial 
travelers all have separate organizations, which are also success- 
ful. The Library Association of Chattanooga has comfortable 
quarters in the Southern Express building; its membership ex- 
ceeds three hundred and it has about five thousand volumes, be- 
sides reference and reading tables. The Chamber of Commerce 
has a reference library of about one thousand volumes. The 
Chattanooga Female College has a library of fifteen hundred 
volumes. The Young Men's Christian Association has a library 
of eight hundred volumes. The Hamilton County Teachers' 
library contains about four hundred volumes. 

There are various benevolent and charitable institutions in 
the city. The Orphans' Home has comfortable quarters and cares 
for about fifty children. The King's Daughters have a Children's 
Refuge ; the Mission Home has a refuge for fallen women ; a 
home is being erected for working girls ;|the Steele (colored) Or- 
phans' Home is a large structure with accommodations for about 
two hundred and fifty orphans. The city and county have erected 
a very large hospital building, with the co-operation of the rail- 
roads and a liberal contribution from the Baroness Erlanger ; it 
will be opened during the summer of 1897. 



40 



CHATTANOOGA AS A CO^ENTIO^ CITY. 



I > EW cities in the world possess equal attractions to Chatta- 

I © " nooga for conventions. The many interesting points in 

JL and about the city are set forth in detail in the various 

chapters elsewhere. The attractions that Chattanooga possesses as 

a convention city, in brief, are: 

First. — Its unrivaled transportation facilities. 

Second. — The salubrity of the climate and its predominance 
of sunshiny weather, as are evidenced from the weather statistics 
given elsewhere. 

Third. — The matchless scenery which surrounds the city, 
equaled by few on this continent and surpassed by none. 

Fourth. — The historic associations of the city and its environ- 
ment. 

Fifth. — The location hereof an immense auditorium building, 
erected by the city solely for the free use of conventions, which 
building is a commodious structure with modern appointments; 
it will accommodate comfortably five thousand persons. 

Sixth. — Ample hotel accommodations, which are adequate to 
any occasion. 

Within the past three years Chattanooga has entertained three 
large assemblies. The largest was the vast multitude of people 
who came here to witness the dedication of the Chickamauga 
National Military Park. It is estimated that there were about 
50,000 visitors during the week of dedication, as many as 30,000 in 
one day, and they came from all parts of the United States. The 
city was equal to the occasion. Every visitor was accommodated 
and there was no complaint of lack of supplies or want of satis- 
factory lodgings. 

The next large assembly was the meeting of the International 
Conference of the Epworth League in this city, in 1895; there 
were approximately 10,000 visitors and Chattanooga won again a 



national reputation for surpassing hospitality and excellent ac 
commodations. 

The next large meeting was the convention of the Southern 
Baptist Association, held in 1S96, and so enthusiastic were the 
members over their entertainment and comfortable accom- 
modations that the Baptist Young People's Union selected 
Chattanooga as their meeting place in 189S, and on the failure of 
Brooklyn, N. Y., to procure satisfactory rates for the 1897 conven- 
tion they substituted Chattanooga for Brooklyn for 1897, and will 
meet here on the 18th of July 1897, when it is expected that 
12,000 visitors will be entertained. 

The brilliant success that this city has achieved on these 
notable occasions has given it fame as a convention city in all 
parts of America. The hospitable sentiments of the community 
being so strong, and fully realizing the unusual attractions of this 
city for conventions, the city council began the erection of the 
beautiful auditorium mentioned above, which will be completed 
by the first of June, this year, the total investment, including tin- 
value of the land, being about 850,000. 

This convention hall will be in charge of auditorium com- 
missioners, who arc prohibited from making any charges for the 
use of the auditorium for conventions that meet at Chattanooga. 
It is beautifully fitted up with handsome opera chairs, is a fire- 
proof structure and so constructed that the maximum distance ol 
the speaker from the furthermost auditor in the building is about 
seventy-five feet. The floor and the balconies rise in a general 
ascent so that every person in the house has an excellent view of 
the platform. The platform ascends into a concave amphitheater, 
being arranged for large musical festivals, and can easily accom- 
modate live hundred singers. 



fe* 


(. 




fe&? 






r9V?^)flMpk 






J&felfeS 








\^^^f 


«& 






je^r^ 




Monuments erected in the National Military Park, near Chattanooga. 




Centenary M. E. Church, South. 



Custom House. 



First M. E. Church. 



'PRODUCTS OF THE COUNTY. 



HAMILTt )N county contains an area of about five hundred 
square miles and is almost bisected by the Tennessee 
river ; it is well watered by innumerable creeks that flow 
toward the river at every point in the county. The difference 
in altitude between the table lands of Walden's Ridge and 
the alluvial river bottoms is about one thousand five hundred feet, 
this equals four degrees of latitude, giving to the elevated ground 
the climate of Southern Ohio, along the hillsides that of Ken- 
tucky. Hence the county has a range of climate found in three 
states. 

The soil formations are of very great variety, beginning at 
the river bottoms, changing into the various alluvial formations, 
the chocolate and red clay soils, and these again joined and mixed 
with another variety of flinty gravel or magnesium limestone soil. 
The soil holds moisture to a surprising degree and is uniformly 
valuable for tillage, though varying materially in appearance and 
character. As a whole it maybe classed as undulating land, hilly 
land, mountain land and bottom. Much of it is well timbered, but 
may be easily and profitably cleared. 

The ridges and hills about Chattanooga are peculiarly well 
adapted to the growth of strawberries and other small fruits, as 
well as vegetables. The berries that are grown on these ridge.; 
have a superior color, a richness and firmness, making them very 
desirable for shipping to the Northern markets, where they have a 
reputation above fruit from any other section of the South. An- 
other favorable feature of these gravelly ridges is their tendency 
to hold and take up moisture, so the berries do not suffer for the 
want of rain during the picking season, as is the case usually in 
the clay or loam soil. 

The mountain lands are well adapted to the growth of apples, 
pears and also potatoes, especially lor winter use. Pears, plums, 



cherries, apricots and quinces all grow successfully and bear ex- 
cellently and are being more and more improved in varieties as 
they are given more care. There is a seedling of the limbertwig 
apple near Chattanooga, which has produced eleven annual crops 
without a break, ranging from eight to fifteen bushels each year. 
It is an early winter apple, being good in September and lasting 
until January. This chance seedling is mentioned, demonstrating 
the results that would follow the planting of seeds of the best ap- 
ples. There are several very successful peach orchards which 
have had three or four crops in succession. Peaches of fine size 
and quality can be grown as regularly as root crops. 

The most important of the fruit crop is the strawberry. In 
the immediate district about Chattanooga, there are in the year 
1897, nearly two thousand five hundred acres bearing, which will 
yield probably one hundred and twenty-five thousand twenty- 
four quart crates, the gross sales of which will amount to nearly 
$250,000. The bulk of this crop is shipped to Northern cities, 
chiefly to Cincinnati. So successful have the berry skippers been 
that it is estimated that in 1898 the acreage will be doubled and 
the methods of cultivation so improved that the yield will be in- 
creased per acre at least fifty per cent. Other small fruits, such 
as raspberries, dewberries, etc., are shipped largely from Chatta- 
nooga; the shipments this year will reach sixty thousand crates, 
valued at over $100,000. Currants and blackberries grow wild 
and the blackberry shipments are becoming extensive. 

It is estimated that sixty carloads of tomatoes, beans, nutmeg 
melons, cucumbers and other vegetables, are shipped annually, 
the gross sales of which amount to $50,000, and the industry is 
now in its infancy. The sweet potato crop has been a certainty 
for the past six or eight years and is regarded as a very safe pro- 
duct. They are being very profitably raised in the immediate 



50 



Products of 

vicinity of Chattanooga. Great success has been had in the 
culture of the cabbage, beat, onion, radish, lettuce, culitlowcr, 
egg-plant and many other like products, and some very interest- 
ing and successful experiments are now being made in the culture 
of celery ; the soil has been found excellently well adapted to this 
esculent, possessing many of the cpialities to be found in the Kal- 
amazoo district ; it is thought that its cultivation will become a 
very important industry. Peas of all kinds have a prolific growth 
throughout the county ; some varieties are plowed under as a fer- 
tilizer and prove very valuable. 

Grapes in former years were produced in large quantities, and 
shipments to amount to over $200,000 were made in one year. 
These were raised on the ridges lying immediately adjacent to the 
city, which became so valuable through the rapid growth of the 
city that the vineyards were dismantled and turned into town 
lots. The industry has not since been developed to any extent, 
but the indications are that considerable attention will soon again 
he paid to the cultivation of grapes and that they will become an 
important article of shipment, 

The clover, timothy and herd grass are produced on the river 
bottoms very successfully and a considerable amount is marketed. 
Millet, red top, timothy and clover are successfully raised in the 
county. Sugar cane, sowed thickly, yields largely and three crops 
may be cut from one season's sowing, making an excellent feed. 
Another excellent feed article known as keifer corn, grows very 



the County. 

successfully; it has a slender stalk and leaf, but resembles corn, 
with top seeds and is exceptionally tine for poultry. 

Stock raising is becoming more general than formerly in the 
county, though no special efforts have yet been made to fully de- 
velop what could be made a most profitable industry. Mules, 
horses and cattle average well. Good results are being had in 
sheep raising, especially on the high and hilly land Hogs can 
subsist the year round foraging in the woods ; not much care has 
been taken in selecting good breeds, but when good attention is 
given to the business it has proven very satisfactory. The county 
is well adapted to poultry raising and the business has been very 
successfully prosecuted, though not to a considerable extent. 
Chickens, turkeys, guineas, peafowls, geese and ducks thrive, are 
free from disease, yielding a large egg product. They have a long 
season of pasture, with market so extensive that prices keep uni- 
form and profitable. 

No hail or wind storms ever devastate the section, because of 
the mountain protection. It is remarkably free from pests and 
insects that afflict animal, fowl, plant or tree. Droughts are un- 
known and gentle rains are frequent in summer. 

Farming operations are reaching a better basis by the influx 
of a class of farmers who have studied modern, scientific methods. 
There is still much to be accomplished in this respect, with intelli- 
gence and industry farming in any of the branches enumerated 
can be made exceedingly profitable. 



ROADS AO^D BRIDGES OF HAMILTON COUNTY. 



THE Topographical Map of County and Vicinity, issued by 
the Department of the Geological Survey, which map in- 
cludes within its borders Hamilton county, shows that the 
part of Hamilton county lying north of the Tennessee river, is 
divided by a natural topographical division into two nearly equal 
parts. This dividing line does not trend exactly north and south, 
but about twenty degrees east of north and is the eastern escarp- 
ment of Walden's Ridge, that magnificent table land of the East 
Cumberland, which rises grandly between the valleys of the Se- 
i|iiatehie and the Tennessee That part of Hamilton county lying 
south of the Tennessee, having the same general characteristics as 
the north, is especially distinguished by Lookout Mountain, stand- 
ing like a mighty sentinel over the fertile Lookout Valley on its 
left and Chattanooga Valley on its right. 

To the east, across the broad and open Chattanooga Valley, 
cradling its busy city of fifty thousand people, we have the historic 
Missionary Ridge. To the east of Missionary Ridge we have the 
undulating plain of the South Chickamauga. Thus we not only 
have on the north side of the Tennessee the Cumberland Table- 
land, with its peculiar adaptability to the raising of orchard fruits, 
hut the alluvial river bottoms as well, stretching along thirty miles 
of river front and yielding its immense harvests of corn, oats and 
wheal. 

On the south side of the river we have all the varieties of soil, 
from the rich limestone wheat producing soil of the Lookout Val- 
ley, to the mulatto soil of the chert formation (which is pro- 
nounced the best anywhere for the production of strawberries and 
small fruits), to the red lands east of .Missionary Ridge, which for 
general farming purposes cannot be excelled. 

Hamilton county, Tennessee, being thus endowed with this 
generous variety of arable soils, capable of supporting the great 



city which Chattanooga, by reason of her geographical situation, 
is destined to become, the question of accessibility— of roads mak- 
ing accessible this territory for the diversified interests of a peo- 
ple, and enabling capital and enterprise to develop the natural 
wealth lying within our borders, becomes one of paramount im- 
portance. 

The question of better roads for Hamilton county was first 
effectively agitated in 1876, at which time the present system of 
macadamized roadways, which now radiate from the county seat, 
was begun. Today one hundred and fifty miles of macadamized 
and graveled thoroughfares stand as a monument to the enter- 
prise of the citizens of Hamilton county, costing in the neighbor- 
hood of $375,000. The Rossville Pike, the first essay in perma- 
nent road building attempted by the county, extends south from 
Chattanooga to Rossville, just beyond the Georgia state line. This 
road, connecting with the principal thoroughfare to the Chicka- 
mauga and Chattanooga National Park at Rossville, Georgia, is a 
favorite with cyclists, the destination being the above mentioned 
park, where the National Government has already spent a million 
of dollars laying the foundation of what is already the greatest 
military park on the continent. 

To the east, two broad thoroughfares, Montgomery and Mc- 
Callie avenues, connect the city with Government Boulevard, eight 
miles in length, on the crest of Missionary Ridge, and continue on 
by easy grades to the southeastern and eastern limits of the county 
respectively, about ten miles distant. 

Thirteen miles northeast is situated the town of Harrison, 
noted as having been the county seat from 1840 to 1870. The 
Harrison Pike was one of the earliest of permanent roadways, and 
renders accessible an immense section of fine farming lands, skirt- 
ing the east side of the Tennessee river. To the north, crossing 



52 



Koads and Bridges 
the Tennessee river, is Washington road, which has been com- 
pleted to the town of Sale Creek, a distance of twenty-eight miles. 
This thoroughfare, connecting the thrifty towns of Daisy, Soddy, 
Retro and Sale Creek, represents, including the subsidiary roads 
built in connection with it, an expenditure of about $42,000. 
Leaving this road to the east soon after crossing the river, we have 
the Dallas road, which has been completed to a point two miles 
east of Hixson, and will ultimately connect with Dallas, if not in- 
deed with Soddy, which is entirely within the possibilities. To 
the left we have the Anderson Pike, leaving the Washington road 
at Mountain Creek. The Anderson Pike ascends Walden's Ridge 
by easy grades, amid scenery of ever increasing grandeur until, 
surmounting the cliffs at the summit, one beholds the broad Ten- 
nessee Valley below him with its tracery of stream and road and 
checker work of cultivated fields. Should the beholder possess a 
practical mind he cannot help remarking the wisdom and liber- 
ality of a policy which has thus rendered accessible the many 
acres of mountain laud to the seeker of healthful homes as well as 
to the far seeing investor of capital. 

Still further north another road leaving the Washington road 
at Daisy is now in course of construction. This new road ascends 
by the side of the ridge at a grade of seven feet in one bundle. 1, 
taking the place of the old road at this place, which ascends by 
the most prohibitory grades of eighteen to twenty-seven feet pet- 
hundred, and hence constitutes an object, lesson, illustrating the 
obi and new systems of road construction. To the west and south- 
west of the COUntJ Seal we have a network of roadways that tire 

the admiration of the visitor t > our picturesque environment 

Lookout Mountain offers it- graveled boulevard, rivaling the 
famous shell roads of Mobile and New Orleans, to the tourist who 
would explore the wonders of Rock ( 'it y, or visit the sylvan shades 
of lailu Lake. 



oi Hamilton County. 

Missionary Ridge with its magnificent boulevard, built by the 
United States government, traverses the crest of the ridge from 
Rossville Gap on the south (where it connects with the LaFayette 
road, also built by the government) to Sherman Heights on the 
north. The views from along this boulevard, taking in as it does 
both sides of Missionary Ridge, cannot be excelled for historical 
interest of national importance. The government has erected 
numerous iron historical tablets describing the battle of Mission- 
ary Ridge. These tablets locate the troops and describe their 
movements. Monuments of cannon, statuary of marble and 
bronze are met at intervals and tend to make a drive along thi: 
boulevard one of absorbing interest. Two observation towers, 
seventy feet in height, occupy commanding situations, and permit 
a study of the fields of the great struggle of November, 1863. 

The building of roads necessitates the construction of bridges. 

Wherever, in this system of modern roads, bridges are neces- 
sarv structures of steel and iron of generous proportions have been 
built across all creek and larger waterway-. 

The magnificent free bridge that spans the Tennessee river, 
opposite Walnut street, stands as a monument to the enterprise of 
a progressive people. This bridge, giving uninterupted traffic be- 
tween the north and south ends of the county, was designed to ac- 
comodate foot passengers, wagon traffic and electric cars, anil was 
built in 1888-9. The bridge, 2,370 lineal feet in length, made up 
of three spans of 320 feet each, three spans of 210 feet each, and 
7'20 feet of iron viaduct, is a high level bridge 100 feet in the clear 
above low water; is without draw span, anil is reached by easy 
gradients. The bridge is designed to sustain a load of 2,400 
pounds per lineal foot of bridge with a factor of safety of six, anil 
was built at a total cost of $233,560.66, divided as follow-: 

The superstructure $122,361.16 

The substructure 96,199.50 

Engineering and superintendance 15,000.00 

53 - 



r 



Roads and Bridges of Hamilton County. 



Many cither bridges might he mentioned for the purpose of 
illustrating the policy of the county along the line of permanent 
construction, but enough has Keen shown to emphasize the fact 
that in the movement for " better roads" Hamilton county offers 
her road system as a example of what can be done by a systematic 
and intelligent effort along this line. 
_J The use of county prisoners for the purpose of constructing 



public highways was recognized at an early date in the history of 
the development of the resources of Hamilton county, and the 
county workhouse system as applied to road construction has here 
become one of the recognized institutions of the county, and while 
not by any means perfect as yet, gives promise of even better re- 
sults in the future for the construction of permanent highways. \ 




A view of Chattanooga from Cameron Hill. 



LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 



LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN stands 2000 feet above Chatta- 
nooga, almost overhanging its corporate limits, with its 
foot hills forming the city's nearest suburb. Its summit 
is reached within thirty minutes from the business center of the 
city, by two incline railways; a standard guage railroad also 
threads its way to the mountain top, connecting with all passenger 
depots in the city, by which means the trip to the mountain can 
be made in forty-five minutes. 

The mountain has been greatly improved and is today one of 
the most desirable resorts for the enfeebled, the over-worked or the 
pleasure seeker, upon this continent. Lookout Inn is perhaps the 
most magnificent hotel upon a mountain in this country ; it was 
erected at a cost of $250,000, contaius nearly 500 guest chambers ; it 
is elaborately and richly furnished throughout; equipped with all 
modern conveniences, heated by steam, lighted by electricity and 
gas, supplied with running water and is furnished with every com- 
fort and attraction that modern ingenuity and generous hospitality 
can devise. 

Hroad, well built boulevards traverse the mountain plateau 
for miles; the streets are underlaid with water and gas mains; 
telephone and electric wires are strung to the scores of ornate 
cottages that line the shaded streets and roadways, and everywhere 
there are all the comforts and conveniences of city life. 

The most beautiful spots upon the brow of the mountain have 
been preserved for parks; it is quite likely that the U. S. Govern- 
ment will purchase the chief reservation at "The Point" of Lookout 
Mountain to make it a fitting completion of the magnificent plan 
of the Chickamauga-Chattanooga National Military Park. 

Among the mountains railed of battle Lookout deserves the 
first place in any history of the Southern Appalachians. Before 
the first Anglo-Saxon saw its wooded talus and gray-green cliffs 



from the opposite crest of Walden's Ridge, it was the battle ground 
of the red men. The warlike Cherokees and their kinsmen the 
Chickamaugas dwelt in the valleys 'round about, and on its slopes 
their war-parties made good against their tribal enemies their 
claim to the ownership of the "Far-Look" mountain. The pre- 
cipitous cliff at its northern extremity was their signal height. 
The smoke of the alarm fire rising from its summit was the 
warriors' call to arms. 

In the early settlement of Tennessee the cliff-crowned 
mountain at the toe of the moccasin became the battlefield of the 
races. Defeated in the great valley of East Tennessee, the Indians 
retreated to their fastnesses on Lookout; and on the western slope 
of the mountain within sight of a greater future battlefied, was 
fought the last decisive conflict with the allied tribes. John 
Sevier won it and broke the organized strength of the red men, but 
for many years afterward the pioneers, drifting down the Tennes- 
see from the older settlements on its head waters, to the fertile 
valleys beyond the Cumberlands, watched furtively for the first 
glimpse of the sentinel mountain standing grim and silent at the 
portal of the ninety-mile gauntlet through the gorges. If the sky 
line was clear, all went well, but if a column of smoke was hanging 
above the signal height, the hardy adventurers looked to their 
arms, refilled the priming pans of their rifles, and made bulwarks 
of the cargo to protect the women and children during the running 
light which would begin at the overhanging bluffs of the great 
mountain. 

A peaceful half century followed the dying out of the last 
Indian signal fire on the Point Rock, and then the distant mur- 
mur of a fiercer tide of conflict echoed from the cliffs of Lookout. 
One lambent autumn day the tide of civil war poured over the 
passes of the Raccoon to submerge the fields in Will's Valley and 



Lookout 

to rise in billows of blue on the slopes of tbe historic mountain until 
the marching thousands of Bosecrans' left wing caught their first 
glimpse of Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge from its wooded 
summit. 

The tide flowed onward and a few days afterward the eastern 
palisades of Lookout flung back the thunders of C'hickamauga to 
Chattanooga Valley. Then the tide surged backward and when 
the lines of circumvallation bad been drawn about the beleaguered 
city in the great bend of the river, the bosom of the old mountain 
was scarred and furrowed with tbe intrenchments of the besieging 
army, and from summit and half-way height the batteries hurled 
their messengers of death down upon the armed hosts in tbe 
valley. 

The final act in the historic mountain's tragic drama was 
played on that November day when the mist> of the valley thick- 
cued into sweating clouds on the wooded slopes, and Lookout hid 
its face as if to shut out the sight of carnage. All the world knows 
how "the battle above the clouds" was lost and won, what deeds 
of heroism and brilliant courage were there enacted, and many a 
curious pilgrim has since stood upon the time-worn signal cliff to 
gaze down upon the scene of the mountain's final conflict. 

The scars are healed now. The breastworks have become 
grassy mounds, and the sightseer has to be guided to the redoubts 
from which the bellowing cannon played upon the city, spread 
out in the valley below. But after the spring rains have washed 
away the litter of the year, the children, gathering arbutus and 
the fragile wind-flowers on the slopes of the ancient mountain, 
find broken arrow-heads bedded in the mellow earth side by side 
with battered minie-balls and fragments of shattered shells; 
relics of the earlier and later struggles whose din has been re- 
echoed by the gray cliffs of old Lookout. 

What pen can portray the matchless beauties that are un- 



Mountain. 

folded from the mountain heights? At every spol upon the brow. 

a bewildering panorama of landscape stretches forth. There are 

loftier mountains, 
more sublime stretch- 
es of precipice and 
beetling cliffs, taller 
peaks a n d deeper 
gorges, but there is 
no spot on this west- 
ern world w here 
beauty is so charm- 
ingly united to sub- 
limity, or where 
one's soul is so 
thrilled without be- 
ing awed by appal- 
ling surroundings; 
where the limpid 
lyrics of nature are 
so interwoven with 
her epics, where the 
melting hazes of 
purpling landscape 
dissolve into majes- 
tic stretches of tow- 
ering peaks; where 
nature frowns, and 
smiles, and woos the 
enchanted beholder, 
thrilled by the glo- 
ries and tbe majesty 
of God's handiwork. 




"THE CLIFF DWELLERS." 

The Bluff on the south bank ot the Tennessee river, 

at head of High street. 



56 



The Chickamauga-Chattanooga Rational ^Military 'Park. 



HATTANOOGA is the only great battlefield of the civil 
war, probably the only one in the world, where the vis- 
itor can see from a single point the entire field of ex- 
tended operations, and where, at the same time, the non-military 
observer can readily trace and understand all the movements of 
the contending armies. Not only are the operations of four day's 
battles clearly seen from the Point of Lookout Mountain, but 
from this point the strategy of the Chickamauga campaign, by far 
the most brilliant and imposing of the war, and the essential 
features of the two days' battle at Chickamauga can each be 
clearly comprehended. Including the Brown's Ferry and Wau- 
hatchie affairs the eye readily follows all the operations of each 
side along lines of battle fifteen miles in length. 

There is no other among our battlefields which presents such 
imposing natural obstacles. The rugged and tangled slopes of 
Missionary Ridge, the precipitious Lookout range rising 1S0O feet 
above the valley and terminating in summits walled with lofty 
palisades, and the wide and swift Tennessee present such bars to 
military movements, to say nothing of military success, as cannot 
be elsewhere found. One of the interesting, as well as very prac- 
tical, elements of this extended theatre of tremendous military 
operations is that every prominent point in it can be reached by a 
short ride at ordinary street car rates. Lookout Mountain, Mis- 
sionary Ridge, Orchard Knob and Tunnel Ilill are each thus ac- 
cessible. The first overlooks all the rest, and is the immediate 
scene of Hooker's and Walthall's " Battle Above the Clouds " 
The second is the theatre of that miracle of military story, the 
storming of the ridge by General Thomas' central lines. The last 
is where Sherman's army assaulted, and where Cleburne's forces 
successfully defended the Confederate right. 

Chattanooga is in the center of the great National Military 



Park which the government is establishing to preserve the history 
of these battles and minor affairs attending the campaigns for the 
possession of the city. The purpose is to set forth on tablets and 
monuments, and on the exact ground of move Qts, the opera- 
tions of every regimental organization and battery in these bat- 
tles. This history when finished will show the details of five days 
of great battles — two at Chickamauga and three at Chattanooga — 
and the lesser affairs connected with the preliminary movements 
at Chickamauga, the Brown's Ferry affair, and the battles of W'au- 
hatchie and Ringgold — ill all nine days of active lighting. 

When the plan was first proposed the propriety of selecting 
the fields about Chattanooga for preservation was recognized on 
all sides, since all the great Union armies — the Cumberland, the 
Tennessee and the Potomac on the one side, and Bragg's, John- 
ston's and Lee's armies on the other — were engaged, while many 
of the most eminent officers on each side commanded these forces. 
The character of the fighting also largely influenced the case, 
since Chickamauga, when judged by the numbers engaged and the 
lime of fighting, was found to have been the deadliest battle of 
modern times, while the battles of Lookout Mountain and Mis- 
sionary Ridge were assuredly the most notable spectacular en- 
gagements of the war. 

Nothing like this park project had, up to the time of its in- 
ception, been undertaken by any nation. It was entirely new in 
the history of war, in that both sides met in cordial study and 
marking of the field, and the government which had been success- 
ful in the contest undertook to do full credit to the valor of those 
who had been defeated. 

The government has already purchased the entire battlefield 
of Chickamauga, ten square miles in extent, the battlefield on 
Lookout Mountain, Orchard Knob, the north end of Missionary 



The Ohickamaug-a-Chattari 
Ridge, Bragg's headquarters on the ridge, and some minor tracts 

of less importance. The states of Tennessee and Georgia have 
ceded to the government for park purposes the principal roads by 
which t he opposing armies reached or left the several fields, and 
these have been improved as approaches to the park. The crest 
road, running for eight miles along Missionary Ridge, closely fol- 
lows Iiragg's line of battle. The central drive of the park extends 
from the north end of Missionary Ridge to Crawfish Spring, and 
is twenty miles in length. Congress has just made an appropria- 
tion to extend the construction of the LaFayette road from Lee 
& Gordon's mill to LaFayette, a distance of thirteen miles. This 
will give a continuous drive from north to south of thirty miles 
over a boulevard constructed on a right of way fifty feet in width, 
and built throughout by the government's best methods. 

To this project of large dimensions Congress has thus far ap- 
propriated $880,000, and the several states have expended in the 
aggregate about $400,000. 

Twenty-six State Commissioners have co-operated with the 
National Commission in ascertaining the battle lines and the po- 
sitions and movements of the troops from their respective states. 

About 2*10 state monuments, besides many markers, have al- 
ready been erected, and this work of the states is still in active 
progress. The government has erected monuments to the regular 
troops, and fully a thousand historical tablets and large shell 
markers to indicate the spots where general officers on either side 
were killed. The fighting positions of the artillery on each side 
are being marked by actual batteries, the guns of which are of the 
identical patterns used in the battle, mounted upon cast iron gun 
carriages, which are an exact reproduction of those used during 
the war. Already 200 guns have been placed in position on the 
Chickamauga field alone. Four batteries have been set up on 
Missionary Ridge and two on Orchard Knob. 



ooga National Military Park. 



The distinguishing feature of the vast work in progress is its 
absolute impartiality. The same rules and regulations apply alike 
to Union and Confederate lines, monuments, markers and tablets. 
Work on the park began with this equality of treatment of both 
sides as the central and controlling idea. 

The historical tablets are of four classes, namely, those at 
army headquarters, corps, division and brigade tablets. Those at 
army headquarters show the corps which composed the armies 
with their commanders in the battle. The corps tablets show the 
divisions in each with their commanders; the division tablets 
show the brigades composing them with those in command, while 
the brigade tablets carry the organizations to regiments and bat- 
teries and those commanding them. There are also battery tab- 
lets, several hundred guide tablets, and'tablets marking all locali- 
ties of special interest on the fields. 

The western half of the Orchard Knob reservation is reserved 
for monuments to such organizations as were engaged in the gen- 
eral operations but fought outside of the legal limits of the park. 

Each of the historical tablets has, besides the part showing 
the organization of the command to which it relates, from two 
hundred to four hundred words of text setting forth the exaci his- 
tory of operations upon the ground occupied by the tablet. 

By amendments to the original park act Congress has pro- 
vided that regimental monuments and general state memorials 
shall be placed on brigade lines of battle. The purpose of this 
legislation is to identify the lines of battle at a glance, a thing 
impossible if individual regiments should be allowed to put 
their monuments upon any spot which the regiment may have 
chanced to occupy without regard to the general line. This will 
prevent the dotting of the field with isolated monuments which 
could only confuse all visitors, since no one unfamiliar with the 
field could then trace the lines except from a careful reading of 
the inscriptions on these separate monuments. 



58 



The park is simply a restoration of bat- 
tlefields, not a park in the sense of a pleasure 
ground. Later roads have been closed, the 
roads of the battle reopened and improved, 
and the underbrush has been cut out over 
the entire area of the park. 

A large amount of monument work is 
in progress on the part of the states. New 
York and Pennsylvania will erect gostly 

numents on Lookout Mountain during 

the coming season. The Illinois Commission 
has made contracts for marking all the posi- 
tions of the troops of that state upon Look- 
out and Missionary Ridge, Georgia has a 
monument under contract which will be one 
of the most imposing in the park. All the 
Southern states have commissions co-operat- 
ing with the National Commission, and sev- 
eral of them are moving actively to prepare 
the way through their legislatures for the 
erection of suitable monuments tooommemo- 
rate the valor of their troops. 

It will be seen from this 
statement of the general fea- 
tures of the park and the com- 
prehensive plan upon which it 
is being established, that it is 
designed to bean object lesson 
in the art of war and to pre- 
serve and commemorate some 
of I lie most remarkable exam- 
ples "1 American courage and 
grand endeavor on the field of 
tierce conflict which the history 
of our war affords. 
The Georgia Monument. 
Monument erected by the State of Georgia in Chickamauga Park. 

Shaft, blue granite ; figures of bronze and bronze tablet. Height. 81 feet. 




THE SUBURBS. 

eLSEWHERE mention is made of the restricted limits of 
the corporation of Chattanooga, no extension having been 
made since the city was originally laid out. The rapid 
increase in inhabitants produced a natural expansion of the popu- 
lation and caused a large number of suburban villages to spring 
up as if by magic; in most urban settlements these would be em- 
braced within the corporate limits. 

The most populous suburbs of Chattanooga lie within a ra- 
dius of 21 miles of the court house, and consist of the following : 

Alton Park, Avondale, East End, East Lake, Highland Park, 
liill City, Lookout Mountain, Ridgedale, St. Elmo, Sherman 
Heights and Suburba. 

Of these, Highland Park is the most populous, lying imme- 
diately adjacent to the corporate limits and containing a popula- 
tion of 3,500. Next in importance is Hill City, which lies 
immediately north, across the Tennessee river, and is a beautiful 
town of 2,500 inhabitants, in every respect being a part of Chatta 
nooga ; it is the site of the Chattanooga Normal College. St. 
Elmo is the third most populous suburb, and lies at the base of 
Lookout Mountain, in Chattanooga Valley, containing a popula- 
tion of about 2,500 and a number of Chattanooga's large indus- 
tries. Kidgedale lies at the footof Missionary Ridge and contains, 
with East Lake, about 1,500 inhabitants, and is the site of several 
large industries. At East End there are also located some of the 
most important industries of the city. 

These prosperous towns are the overflow population of the 
city of Chattanooga and are as much an integral part of the city 
as any of its wards. Electric street railroads traverse them at ail 
points, also a Union Railway, and with the special system of roads 
radiating from the city, the means of communication are as i asj 
as upon the paved streets of the city. 

There are thirty-four postoffices in Hamilton county besides 
Chattanooga. 



59 



THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. 



THE State of Tennessee lies between the boundaries of 35° 
and 36°, 30' latitude, the zone of ideal temperate climate. 
It has an area of 42,050 square miles, comprising nearly 
27,(100,00(1 acres, and in 1897 its population is in round numbers 
2,000,000, an increase of 500,000 since the census of 1880. The 
state is in the form of a quadrilateral, 432 miles in length from 
east to west, and 109 miles from north to south, taking the greatest 
length and width. It has more miles of navigable streams to the 
square mile than any state in the union, aggregating about 1,200 
miles of navigable water. 

The state of Tennessee, by reason of its peculiar topography, 
beginning in the eastern portion with chains of towering moun- 
tains, attaining an elevation of 6,600 feet above sea level, and 
descending in regular stages, penetrated by valleys of almost in- 
conceivable richness, to the low Savannahs, which border the deep 
flowing Mississippi on the west, combines within its boundaries a 
greater variety of soils and products, a larger diversity of mineral 
resources, a more genial climate and richer scenic attractions than 
any state of the union. 

The difference in altitude between the extreme eastern and 
western boundaries of the state is 6,000 feet, equivalent to eighteen 
degrees of latitude, and producing a flora and a climate within the 
confines of the state the same as if it extended along the Atlantic 
ocean, from North Carolina to Labrador. It is a fact that every 
crop grown in the United States is produced to a greater or a 
lesser extent in the state of Tennessee, and almost every mineral 
and timber found within the limits of our great union has been 
discovered in the state. 

The average temperature in the center of the state is 58°, and 
about 1° lower in the northern part and 1° higher in the southern ; 
the average annual rainfall i> 54 inches. The average period be- 



Toliacco crop, pounds 30,915,966 

Horses 334,668 

Mules 198,171 

Mi at cattle 97.5,339 

Butler product, pounds 28.314 387 

Chetse, pounds 69 119 

Honey crop, pounds 2,130,689 

Heeswax, pounds 63 290 

Number of swine l,9to,*'49 

Poultry 12.062 139 

Eggs, dozen 23,172,313 



tween killing frosts, as ascertained by a series of observations con- 
tinued for twenty-two years, is 189 to 200 days, being nearly seven 
months in the southern part of the state and a trifle over sii 
months in the northern portion. 

The Productions. — The latest statistics of agricultural pro- 
ducts are 1895, which give the farm products of the state as follows: 

Wheat, bushels 7.443,000 

Corn; bushels 63,650 000 

Oats, bushels 9,768,818 

Rye, bushels 203,956 

Buckwheat, bushels 17,753 

Barlev bushels 44,485 

Potatoes, bushels 2,730,918 

Hay, tons 766,276 

Peanuts, bushels 253.088 

Cotton, bales 1:0,579 

Number of shi ep 519,770 

Wool product, pounds 1,397,666 

The Population — The white population of the state in- 
creased 17.05 per cent, between 1880 and 1890, the colored in- 
creased 7.73 per cent.; this rate has been maintained since 1890, 
and the ratio between the races in the state today is about 78 per 
cent, white, 22 per cent, colored; 82 per cent, of the total popula- 
tion is rural. The white population is nearly all of Anglo-Saxon 
and Scotch-Irish origin ; the foreign element is not over 1{ per 
cent, of the whole. 

The Railroads — The total railroad mileage in the state is 
about 2,700 miles, penetrating seventy-four out of the 96 counties. 

Mineral Wealth — The mineral wealth of the state seems 
almost fabulous. Nature poured forth her riches with a lavish 
hand in this commonwealth, and every mineral known to arts in 
the temperate zone is found, and many in inexhaustible quantity 
and of surpassing richness. 

Iron ore and limestones are found in all three grand divisions 
of the state, and coal in abundant quantity in two divisions. The 
three lie in close juxtaposition in many portions of the state. The 



i,(i 



The State 
production of iron ore averages nearly 500,000 tons per year, of 
which 60 per cent, is red hematite and 40 per cent, brown. 

There are 87 coal mines in the state which produce annually 
about 3,000,000 tons of coal, of which about 750,000 tons are 
manufactured into coke. 

There are 26 blast furnaces in the state, with daily capacity of 
1,800 tons (if pig iron; 12 are charcoal and 14 coke stacks. The 
annual pig iron product of the state is about 340,000 tons which is 
more than the total amount produced in United States in 1842. 

The Tennessee marbles are famous the world over and exist in 
greatest abundance in East Tennessee. There are 200 varieties 
found in the state ranging in color from the dazzling white to jet 
black. There are now 22 qurrries in operation in the state 
producing annually about 25,000 tons. 

Copper, zinc, lead, manganese, gold, iron pyrites, sulphate of 
iron, gypsum, salt, nitrate of potassa, legnite, alum and slate exist 
in workable quantities. Oil wells of great value are being 
developed. A new industry and a great source of wealth which 
has developed in the state within the past four years is the great 
phosphate beds, discovered in Middle and West Tennessee, and 
hundreds of thousands of tons are now annually mined. 

Bcilding Stone. — Granite of a very rich color and great 
compactness is found in portions of the state ; limestones and 
sandstones are everywhere abundant, and beds of burrh or mill- 
stones are worked; lithograph and oil stones of high quality are 
also found. 

Putters' clay, tire and brick clays and kaolin are very abundant 
and are of excellent quality. Heavy spar and other mineral paints 
are found. Large deposits of asbestos exist in some localities; 
copperas is abundant and gypsum has been discovered. 

The Timber. — The total acreage of woodlands and wild 
lands in the state is placed at 17,062,316 acres. The following 



of Tennessee. 

varieties are the chief timbers of the state : white, blue and water 
ash, beech, birch, buckeye, red cedar, chestnut, wild cherry, cotton 
wood, cypress, dogwood, elm, balsam, black fir, gum, six varities of 
hickory, linden, locust, maple, red mulberry, from twelve to fifteen 
species of oak, white and yellow pine, blue, white and yellow pop- 
lar, sassafras as a shrub and as a forest tree, sycamore, black and 
white walnut, butternut, laurel, hornbeam, box elder, hackberry, 
persimmon, etc. 

The Manufacturing Interests. — According to the census 
of 1890, $51,475,092 were invested in manufactories in Tennessee, 
with an annual output of $72,355, 2X6 manufactured products. The 
manufacturing interests of the state are diversified, consisting 
chiefly of iron, cotton, lumber, furniture, textile, bather, cotton 
seed products, etc. 

The progress of Tennessee in manufacturing is shown by the 
following figures from the census: The manufacturing capital in 
Into was $15,595,295 ; in 1890, $51,475,092, increase, 350 per cent ; 
hands employed, 1870, 19,412 ; 1890, 42,759, increase, 250 per cent; 
wages paid, 1870, $5,390,630; 1890, $16,899,351, increase, 300 per 
cent; raw material used, 1870, $19,657,027; 1890, 3f44,463,782, in- 
crease over Kit percent; manufactured product, 1870, $34,362,636; 
1890, $72,365,2S6, gain over 100 per cent. The progress since 1890 
has been steadily maintained and will show even a greater growth 
in the census of 1900. 

Educational.- The scholastic population of the state free 

schools by the last census was 694,437, and is now about 800,000; 

the average daily attendance is 1(10,000. There are 7,500 scl Is 

in the slate, employing about 8,500 teachers. The total annual 
receipts for public schools approximates $3,000,000, over $7.00 per 
capita for each pupil attending. 

There are l.ono private schools iii the si ale and a large number 
of universities and colleges. Tennessee contains more seminaries 
and colleges than any slate in the South. 

61 



THE SOUTHERN STATES. 



THE development of the Southern states in the past thirty 
years has never been equaled by any other section upon 
the globe. Its growth has been homogeneous and uniform 
in every branch of human endeavor — industrial, commercial, 
agricultural, educational and financial. It should be borne in 
mind that the war entirely destroyed the labor system in the South 
and annihilated industrial and commercial operations. Slave 
property and billions of other values were swept away; the whole 
section was impoverished. The widespread poverty, the universal 
bankruptcy and the absolute paralysis of business at the close of 
the war can scarcely be comprehended. Hundreds of thousands 
of; the most active men of the South had died upon the battlefield 
or were physical wrecks; the industrial and social fabric was in 
a state of total collapse. The leaders of thought and promoters 
of industry were plunged into this condition from one of affluence 
and ease. 

The recovery in thirty years seems unreal, but when the 
resources of the Southern states are considered it is easily 
understood. Briefly stated, the advantages of the South over any 
other portion of the globe, are: a healthful climate, genial and 
generous in winter and not so extreme in summer as to prevent 
outdoor labor; abundance of iron, coal and other mineral wealth 
within easy reach of the commercial centers; vast forests, fertile 
lands where every known product of the world can be cultivated 
at a minimum cost; more miles of navigable streams to the square 
mile than anywhere else upon the continent, with labor classes the 
cheapest and most contented known among civilized men. 

That the world has recognized the possibilities of the South, 
and that the intelligence and energy of men have been quick to 
develop them, the following official figures taken from the United 
States census give indisputable proof. 



(The following states are embraced in " The South" : Alabama, 
Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Louisiana, 
Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia and West 
Virginia.) 

GROWTH OF THE SOUTH (U. S. CENSUS REPORTS.) 

1880 1890 

Value of farm properlv $2,314,000,000 $ 3,182,000,000 

Real and personal prop 7,041,000.000 11,534,000,000 

Manufacturing capital 257,244^000 657,288,000 

Value of m'n'f'.l products.. 457,454,000 917,589,000 

Annual wages 75,917,000 222,118,000 

1S97 
Invested in cotton mills.... 21,976,000 120,000,000 

Cotton seed oil industry.... 3,500,000 30,000,000 

1895 

Pig iron product (tons) 397,000 1,702,000 

Coal output (tons) 3,944,000 10,000,000 

1890 

Mineral output 7,000,000 57,000,000 

1896 

Cotton spindles 669,754 2,770,000 

Bales of cotton consumed.. 233,000 915,000 

The following shows the percentage of increase in material 

values of the South compared to the balance of the United States 

during the period between 1889 and 1890, according to the United 

States census : 

Value of real and personal property, increase in the South 50 

per cent ; New England and Middle States, 22 per cent. 

Value of farm property increase in the Sovith, 37 per cent. ; 

other sections, 30 per cent. 

Investments in manufacturing, increase in the South, 156 per 

cent.; balance of the country, 121 per cent. 

Educational. — The revenues for school purposes in the ten 

Central Southern States in 1870 were $2,500,000; in 1894, 



62 



The Souther 
$11,000,000. The school attendance in the same states was in 1894 
2,800,000 against 860,000 in 1870; in 1870 there were 14,000 school 
houses and 15,000 teachers in these ten states; in 1894,58,000 
teachers and 53,000 school houses in the same states. In 1804 the 
percentage of enrollment of the public schools to the entire 
population was 21.67 in the South Atlantic States; 23.49 in the 
South Central states; 21.50 in the North Atlantic States; 19.11 in 
the Western States; 25 in the North Central States. In 1890 the 
total enrollment to population in the schools...!' the South was 22 
per cent, against about 11 per cent, in the decade preceding. These 
figures show that the development of the South has not been 
merely in material wealth but in educationel progress as well. 

The Cotton Crop. — The cotton crop of 1896 amounted to 
9,837,000 bales, which was 82 per cent, of the total production of 
the world. It is the largest export crop of any nation on the earth 
and brings more money to the United Slates from abroad than all 
other agricultural products combined. The cotton crop of the 
South is practically restricted to a group of states comprising less 
than one-fourth of the total area of our country, yet its value is 
exceeeded only by the corn crop which is cultivated in every state 
in the Union. The figures given above show great increase in the 
cotton manufacturing in the Southern States. It is inevitable that 
the cotton mills will eventually be placed where the cotton grows, 
and with the magnificent water powers of the South, with the 
cheapest fuel upon the globe, with a humid climate, best adapted 
to textile manufacturing, with an abundance of desirable labor to 
whom the cost of living is much less than in the North, owing to 
the abundance of farm and garden products and the mildness of 
the climate, the conclusion is irresistible that the South will 
increase with each succeeding year the number of its cotton mills. 
Within the last two years the increase of spindles in the Southern 
States has been 882,000 while in the whole of thelNew England 

63 



n States. 

States the increase has been only 671,000; the percentage oi 
increase in the South was 39.5 while in New England it was 5.32. 
Within the past four years no less than $7,500,000 of New England 
capital has been invested in large cotton mills in different portions 
of the South. 

Iron. — The iron resources of the South cannot be com- 
prehended. By a generous impulse of nature the great beds of iron 
ore, coal and limestone, the three primary constituents of iron, lie 
side by side in the exhaustless measures of the South. Southern 
iron is today being manufactured as low as $5.20 per ton and is 
successfully competing in the open market with the iron of the 
entire globe. The South exported within the past eight months 
over 100,000 tons of iron to Oriental and European markets, 
underbidding the furnaces of England, Germany and Belgium. 
With the improvements in modern methods the Southern irons are 
becoming adapted to the manufacture of steel, and soon there will 
be witnessed a development in the steel industry in the Southern 
States as marvelous as the magical growth in the production of iron. 

Farm Products. The farm labor in the South has greatly 

improved in recent years; the adoption of more careful and 
intelligent agricultural methods; a wider use of improved agri- 
cultural machinery and a greater diversity of farm products have 
greatly increased the wealth of the South. Of the arable land in 
the Southern States only 30 per cent, is " improved," of which 21 
per cent, is under cultivation. 

The farm products can only be briefly summarized and the 
amount of the crops is in round numbers as follows, per year: 

Corn 550,000,000 bushel- 
Wheat 50,000,000 " 

Oats 80,000,000 " 

Tol.aee,. 450,000,000 pounds 

Sugar and molasses 320,000,000 " 

Rice 170,000,000 " 



The Souther 
The annual hay product of the Smith is estimated to be worth 
$25,000,000; potatoes, $17,000,000; fruit, $-111,000,000; there are 
a large number of minor crops, such as flax, hemp, and peanuts, 
which grow in great richness and annually amount to millions of 
dollars. 

The farm lands of the South are cheap and the markets, as a 
rule, convenient. The prices of land per acre range from 25c (the 
cost of swamp lands) to $5, the price of cheaper farm lands. 

TlMBEBS. — The census shows that there are 183,000,000 acres 
of timber forests in the South which are practically untouched and 
which are, in truth, the reserve timber lands of this nation. All 
the dinners known to this country are found within the forest areas 
of the South and are suitable for every line of manufacture. The 
South is far more heavily wooded than the rest of the country and 
contains more acres of woodland and more feet of timber than 
all the rest of the country combined. It has 40.0 per cent, of its 
land wooded where the rest of the Union has only 20.9 or about 
one-half as much. Compared with other states and countries it 
stands as follows ; 

Percentage of Forest to Total Area. 
Europe. 

Kiissia 30 per cent 

Germany 26 " 

France 10 " 

Holland 7 

Great Britain 5 " 

UNITED STATES. 

Massachusetts 23 per cent 

New York... 22 

Pennsylvania 30 " 

Minnesota 15 " 

Nebraska 9 " 

California 3 " 

Southern States 40 " 

04 



it suites. 

The lumber contained in these vast forests of the South 
consist of 171 important varieties, of which 56 may he regarded as 
distinctively valuable and useful in various kinds of manufacture. 
The Population. — The population of the Southern States 
by the Census of 1890 is 18,319,714 against 15,157,393 in 1880, an 
increase in ten years of nearly 20 per cent. The population at 
this writing is in excess of 20,000,000. Although the urban 
population of the South has increased greatly, still a much smaller 
proportion of its population lives in the towns than in the North 
and West. There is very little increase in foreign immigration 
and the percentage of foreigners in the Southern States is very 
small. The density of the Southern States as compared to other 
countries in the world is shown by the following table : 

DENSITY OF POPULATION PER ENGLISH SqUARE MILE. 

United States of America 21 

Germany 236 

Belgium 541 

Great Britain and Ireland 311 

France 184 

Denmark 148 

Greece 88 

Russia 52 

Southern States between 8 and 9 

The South seems to he only on the threshold of its period of 
greatest growth. When it is remembered that the Southern States 
contain an area of over live hundred millions of acres, with a 
population of twenty millions, and is enriched with more natural 
resources of coal, iron, cotton and timber, with greater water 
powers, with more navigable rivers, with a more genial climate and 
with more of the elements that enter into profitable manufacturing 
than any other area upon the globe, and yet has $300,000,000 less 
capital invested in manufacturing than the one state of Penn- 
sylvania, the area of which is one-eighteenth of the total area of 
the South, the possibilities of the Southern States begin to appear. 




The Interior of The City Auditorium. 

The illustration shows a partial interior view of the New City Auditorium, seating capacity Five Thousand. 







• 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



014 433 485 1 



